A movement known as the Torch Commando was formed in the 1950s, led by white war veterans who had fought fascism in Europe and North Africa during World War II, only to find fascism on the rise in South Africa when they returned home. [181][182][183], Between 1975 and 1988, the SADF continued to stage massive conventional raids into Angola and Zambia to eliminate PLAN's forward operating bases across the border from Namibia as well as provide support for UNITA. It comes from a Punjabi word 'gil, which means 'prosperity'. After the suppression of the abortive, pro-German Maritz Rebellion during the South African World War I campaign against German South West Africa in 1914, the South African rebel General Manie Maritz escaped to Spain. The Democratic Party and Pan Africanist Congress, among others, formed a parliamentary opposition in the country's first non-racial parliament. Lynx Southern African, English. On 12 March 1868, the British parliament declared the Basotho Kingdom a British protectorate and part of the British Empire. Renewed tensions between Britain and the Boers peaked in 1899 when the British demanded voting rights for the 60,000 foreign whites on the Witwatersrand. Available at, Edgerton, Robert B, Africa's armies: from honor to infamy: a history from 1791 to the present (2002) p.109. As European settlers started establishing permanent farms after trekking across the country in search of prime agricultural land, they encountered resistance from the local Bantu people who had originally migrated southwards from central Africa hundreds of years earlier. Discover the meaning of the South African name on Ancestry. 5. Many of the 1820 Settlers eventually settled in Grahamstown and Port Elizabeth. Yet resistance by Boer bittereinders (meaning those who would fight to the bitter end) continued for two more years with guerrilla warfare, which the British met in turn with scorched earth tactics. [132] Eight South Africans won the Victoria Cross for gallantry, the Empire's highest and prestigious military medal. The British elements strongly supported the war, and formed by far the largest military component. In the 14th and 15th century, Portuguese explorers traveled down the west African Coast, detailing and mapping the coastline and in 1488 they rounded the Cape of Good Hope. Boer Voortrekkers in 1838 established the Republic of Natalia in the surrounding region, with its capital at Pietermaritzburg. -- 262 p. CS3080.S6 R6 Bibliography: p. 261-262. Others said it was not relevant to the struggle for their rights. Rhodes and Rudd had earlier made fortunes from diamond mining at Kimberley. Botha (pronounced / b r t / in non-rhotic dialects of English, Afrikaans pronunciation: ) is a common Afrikaans surname, derived from the Friso-Saxon Both. Abimbola: [126], General Louis Botha headed the first government of the new Union, with General Jan Smuts as his deputy. The Land Act would form a cornerstone of legalised racial discrimination for the next nine decades. These groups were displaced or sometimes absorbed by migrating Africans (Bantus) during the Bantu expansion from Western and Central Africa. Mokopane and his followers, anticipating retaliation by the settlers, retreated into the mountain caves known as Gwasa, (or Makapansgat in Afrikaans). By 1902, 26,000 Boer women and children had died of disease and neglect in the camps. Introduction: South Africa has a unique history of apartheid that has had significant implications on economic and social policies. Following the Invasion of the Cape Colony by the British in 1795 and 1806, mass migrations collectively known as the Great Trek occurred during which the Voortrekkers established several Boer settlements on the interior of South Africa. Gill: Gill is a Punjabi surname. From the outset of hostilities in October 1899 to the signing of peace on 31 May 1902 the war claimed the lives of 22,000 imperial soldiers and 7,000 republican fighters. The Government of National Unity lapsed at the end of the first parliament sitting in 1999, with the ANC becoming the sole party in power while maintaining a strategic alliance with the Congress of South African Trade Unions (COSATU) and the South African Communist Party. [162] Four hundred M-113A1 armoured personnel carriers, and 106mm recoilless rifles manufactured in the United States were delivered to South Africa via Israel. The Boers took a defensive position with the high banks of the Ncome River forming a natural barrier to their rear with their ox waggons as barricades between themselves and the attacking Zulu army. The oldest is Little Foot, a collection of footbones of an unknown hominid between 2.2 and 3.3 million years old, discovered at Sterkfontein by Ronald J. Clarke. Aubrey Newman, Nicholas J Evans, J Graham Smith & Saul W Issroff. Means "nation" in Xhosa. 3. [1] South Africa's prehistory has been divided into two phases based on broad patterns of technology namely the Stone Age and Iron Age. [168], The Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) would later establish that a covert, informal network of former or still serving army and police operatives, frequently acting in conjunction with extreme right-wing elements, was involved in actions that could be construed as fomenting violence and which resulted in gross human rights violations, including random and targeted killings. The weaker and less-skilled Dingaan became king, relaxing military discipline while continuing the despotism. After the country's first multiracial democratic elections in 1994, a number of terrorist bomb blasts were linked to the AWB. Johnson: This surname is a patronymic of John. According to Solomon Johannes Terreblanche, a South African academic economist, the government's concessions to big business represented "treacherous decisions that [will] haunt South Africa for generations to come". A local trader Dick King and his servant Ndongeni, who later became folk heroes, were able to escape the blockade and ride to Grahamstown, a distance of 600km (372.82 miles) in 14 days to raise British reinforcements. In 1836, when Boer Voortrekkers (pioneers) arrived in the northwestern part of present-day South Africa, they came into conflict with a Ndebele sub-group that the settlers named "Matabele", under chief Mzilikazi. In a referendum held on 17 March 1992, the white electorate voted 68% in favour of democracy. Meaning: 'Child that keeps coming or reincarnation.' 5. [62], By the end of 1847, following annexation by Britain of the former Boer republic of Natalia, nearly all the Boers had left their former republic, which the British renamed Natal. Like the Dutch before them, the British initially had little interest in the Cape Colony, other than as a strategically located port. [91], The Bapedi wars, also known as the Sekhukhune wars, consisted of three separate campaigns fought between 1876 and 1879 against the Bapedi under their reigning monarch King Sekhukhune I, in the northeastern region known as Sekhukhuneland, bordering on Swaziland. 21,000 of them were deployed to France as stevedores at French ports, where they were housed in segregated compounds. These refugees and asylum seekers originated mainly from Zimbabwe, Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda, Eritrea, Ethiopia and Somalia. Search US census records for South African, View all South African immigration records, Do not sell or share my personal information. [174] These states, forming a regional alliance of southern African states, were named collectively as the Frontline States: Angola, Botswana, Lesotho, Mozambique, Swaziland, Tanzania, Zambia and, from 1980, Zimbabwe. The cash-strapped post-apartheid government was obliged to repay this debt or else face a credit downgrading by foreign financial institutions. Truth Commission Special Report: APLA attacks. Further friction was caused by the refusal of Sekhukhune to allow prospectors to search for gold in territory he considered to be sovereign and independent under his authority. Later, English and Dutch seafarers in the late 16th and 17th centuries exchanged metals for cattle and sheep with the Khoikhoi. The racially mixed genealogical origins of many so-called "white" South Africans have been traced to interracial unions at the Cape between the European occupying population and imported Asian and African slaves, the indigenous Khoi and San, and their vari-hued offspring. Their South African National Party, later known as the South African Party or SAP, followed a generally pro-British, white-unity line. Meaning: 'Flower' or 'blossom.' 4. It is likely that around 50% of white men of military age served during the war, more than 146,000 whites. [19] For nearly 100 years subsequently, the Xhosa fought the settlers sporadically, first the Boers or Afrikaners and later the British. [118] The enormous wealth of the mines was in the hands of European "Randlords" overseeing the mainly British foreign managers, mining foremen, engineers and technical specialists, characterised by the Boers as uitlander, meaning aliens. [217], The immediate post-apartheid period was marked by an exodus of skilled, white South Africans amid crime related safety concerns. Until that point, President Paul Kruger's government had excluded all foreigners from the franchise. Meaning: Spirit. [94] Cape Colony Governor Henry Barkly persuaded all claimants to submit themselves to a decision of an arbitrator and so Robert W Keate, Lieutenant-Governor of Natal was asked to arbitrate. The trade union movement was divided. Kruger rejected the British demand and called for the withdrawal of British troops from the borders of the South African Republic. [143], General Jan Smuts was the only important non-British general whose advice was constantly sought by Britain's war-time Prime Minister Winston Churchill. [20] By the time of their defeat and expulsion from the Cape Peninsula and surrounding districts, the Khoikhoi population was decimated by a smallpox epidemic introduced by Dutch sailors against which the Khoikhoi had no natural resistance or indigenous medicines.[21]. [222] The debt was finally settled in September 2001. Manpower, from all races, helped Allied operations not just on the Western Front and Africa, but also in the Middle East against the Ottoman Empire. 1. Its underground cells conducted armed robberies to raise funds and obtain weapons and vehicles. 127. Many of the modern surnames in the dictionary can be traced back to Britain and Ireland. Wilson Center Digital Archives, International History Declassified, Inge Tvedten, Angola: Struggle for Peace and Reconstruction, SIPRI Yearbook: Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. He then set out on a massive programme of expansion, killing or enslaving those who resisted in the territories he conquered. Some members of the Torch Commando subsequently became leading figures in the armed wing of the banned African National Congress. [243] South Africa received more than 207,000 individual asylum applications in 2008 and a further 222,300 in 2009, representing nearly a four-fold rise in both years over the levels seen in 2007. The prisoners were mainly members of the Pan Africanist Congress and United Democratic Front.[209]. [105][106], Although many tales abound, there is no conclusive evidence as to who first discovered gold or the manner in which it was originally discovered in the late 19th century on the Witwatersrand (meaning White Waters Ridge) of the Transvaal. [141] On 21 June 1942 nearly 10,000 South African soldiers, representing one-third of the entire South African force in the field, were taken prisoner by German Field Marshal Rommel's forces in the fall of Tobruk, Libya. [212] Your partner in parenting from baby name inspiration to college planning. [228] The slow pace of transformation also fomented tensions within the tripartite alliance between the ANC, the Communist Party and the Congress of South African Trade Unions.[229]. BP Willan, "The South African Native Labour Contingent, 19161918". [95] Keate awarded ownership to the Griquas. The Cape and the VOC had to import Dutch farmers to establish farms to supply the passing ships as well as to supply the growing VOC settlement. The territory of the South African Republic became known after this war as the Transvaal Colony.[54]. Britain, due to the military burden imposed on it by the Crimean War in Europe, then withdrew its troops from the territory in 1854, when the territory along with other areas in the region was claimed by the Boers as an independent Boer republic, which they named the Orange Free State. In 1845, a treaty was signed between the British colonists and Moshoeshoe, which recognised white settlement in the area. [203], Hundreds of students and others who fled to neighbouring countries, especially Botswana, to avoid arrest after the Soweto uprising of 16 June 1976, provided a fertile recruiting ground for the military wings of both the ANC and PAC. Like a window into their day-to-day life, South African census records can tell you where and how . 78. The settlers, incorrectly, believed that the Cape Colony administration had taken the money due to them as payment for freeing their slaves. 1972. The establishment of the staging post by the Dutch East India Company at the Cape in 1652 soon brought the Khoikhoi into conflict with Dutch settlers over land ownership. [24], Colonel Robert Jacob Gordon of the Dutch East India Company was the first European to explore parts of the interior while commanding the Dutch garrison at the renamed Cape of Good Hope, from 1780 to 1795. [200] The Truth and Reconciliation Commission noted in 2003 that, despite the ANC's stated policy of attacking only military and police targets, "the majority of casualties of MK operations were civilians. [226], In 2014, around 47% of (mostly black) South Africans lived in poverty, making it one of the most unequal countries in the world. [97] No material benefits accrued to the Griquas as a result of either colonisation or annexation; they did not receive any share of the diamond wealth generated at Kimberley. By January 1907, 53,000 Chinese labourers were working in the gold mines.[115]. Boujettif Northern African (Archaic) Meaning, "The family of the son of the Clever Head" or "One Whom Possess a Clever Head." Bou (normally used in the North African Regions of the Maghrib Countries) has 2 possible derivative meanings both originating from the Arabic language, "Son of." or an Arabic word Tho meaning, "One Who Possess A Quality."Jettif is a variance of Jettef, Jeif or Ji'f . About three thousand Zulu warriors died in the clash known historically as the Battle of Blood River.[81][82]. In March 1858, after land disputes, cattle rustling and a series of raids and counter-raids, the Orange Free State declared war on the Basotho kingdom, which it failed to defeat. You can find birthdates, death dates, addresses and more. Origin: Tswana, Southern African Meaning: Blessed one, blessings Alternative Spellings & Variations: Sego Famous Namesakes: Masego Ntshingane, Botswanan athlete Peak Popularity: Masego isn't a very popular name in the United States. The Zulu resulted in the mass movement of many tribes who in turn tried to dominate those in new territories, leading to widespread warfare and waves of displacement spread throughout southern Africa and beyond. Under the leadership of a former slave named Adam Kok, these "coloureds" or Basters (meaning mixed race or multiracial) as they were named by the Dutcha word derived from baster, meaning "bastard"[68]started trekking northward into the interior, through what is today named Northern Cape Province. On 10 May 1994 Mandela was inaugurated as South Africa's new President in Pretoria with Thabo Mbeki and F. W. De Klerk as his vice-presidents. The British, who at that time controlled the area between the Orange and Vaal Rivers called the Orange River Sovereignty, decided a discernible boundary was necessary and proclaimed a line named the Warden Line, dividing the area between British and Basotho territories. Discusses commonest names, some famous names, etymology . As punishment to the Basotho, the governor and commander-in-chief of the Cape Colony, George Cathcart, deployed troops to the Mohokare River; Moshoeshoe was ordered to pay a fine. These are the 10 most common African American surnames according to the 2000 census: Williams: Williams is a patronymic of English origin of someone with a forebear named William. The name is pronounced Col-u-WHA. Popular South African Surnames and Meanings Abara - This surname is of Igbo origin and it means "spirit." Adebisi - The meaning of this last name is "the king" and it is of Yoruba origin. [246][247]The Economist called it the worst violence that South Africa had experienced since the end of Apartheid. Eventually, in the 1830s, large numbers of Boers migrated in what came to be known as the Great Trek. Many blacks adopted the surname of Freeman after emancipation in 1863. Abeba [24] Others, now known as the SothoTswana peoples (Tswana, Pedi, and Sotho), settled in the interior on the plateau known as the Highveld,[24] while today's Venda, Lemba, and Tsonga peoples made their homes in the north-eastern areas of present-day South Africa. A significant number of the offspring from the white and slave unions were absorbed into the local proto-Afrikaans speaking white population. It caused the consolidation of groups such as the Matebele, the Mfengu and the Makololo. 2. [120] It ended when the invading column was ambushed and captured by Boer commandos. Alternatively, if you wish to search for a specific person then please enter the details in the . This Second AngloBoer War, also known as the South African War lasted longer than the first, with British troops being supplemented by colonial troops from Southern Rhodesia, Canada, India, Australia and New Zealand. The majority of burghers had Dutch ancestry and belonged to the Dutch Reformed Church, but there were also some Germans, who often happened to be Lutherans. 4. A given name may consist of only one name (the first name) or multiple names, in which case subsequent names are referred to as middle names. Likewise the Indian element (led by Mahatma Gandhi) generally supported the war effort. Around 1800, they started crossing the northern frontier formed by the Orange River, arriving ultimately in an uninhabited area, which they named Griqualand. 4. Madia South African. [70], In 1825, a faction of the Griqua people was induced by Dr John Philip, superintendent of the London Missionary Society in Southern Africa, to relocate to a place called Philippolis, a mission station for the San, several hundred miles southeast of Griqualand. This caused further dissatisfaction among the Dutch settlers. John Murray. [11][12][13], The San and Khoikhoi are essentially distinguished only by their respective occupations. In 1824 a party of 25 men under British Lieutenant F G Farewell arrived from the Cape Colony and established a settlement on the northern shore of the Bay of Natal, which would later become the port of Durban, so named after Benjamin D'Urban, a governor of the Cape Colony. The United Nations Security Council on 6 May 1978 condemned South Africa for the attack. Those settlers who were allocated money could only claim it in Britain in person or through an agent. 35. This aim was complicated by border conflicts with the Boers, who soon developed a distaste for British authority. The farmers complained they could not replace the labour of their slaves without losing an excessive amount of money. Most of the bodies were dumped in unmarked graves. Kaiser Wilhelm's government arranged for the two Boer Republics to purchase modern breech-loading Mauser rifles and millions of smokeless gunpowder cartridges. Get in touch! [191] South African involvement in Angola ended formally after the signing of a United Nations-brokered agreement known as the New York Accords between the governments of Angola, Cuba and South Africa, resulting in the withdrawal of all foreign troops from Angola and also South Africa's withdrawal from South West Africa (now Namibia), which the UN regarded as illegally occupied since 1966. This facilitated purchases of munitions and food in the United States and neutral countries. In that year, the SS Truro arrived in Durban harbour with over 300 Indians on board. [61], Indian slaves from the Dutch colonies in India had been introduced into the Cape area of South Africa by the Dutch settlers in 1654. The first 1,000 indentured Chinese labourers arrived in June 1904. The British suffragette Emily Hobhouse visited British concentration camps in South Africa and produced a report condemning the appalling conditions there. Labour unrest in the industry resulted in a massacre in mid-August 2012, when anti-riot police shot dead 34 striking miners and wounded many more in what is known as the Marikana massacre. Within census records, you can often find information like name of household members, ages, birthplaces, residences, and occupations. It was inhabited by Australopithecines since at least 2.5 million years ago. [40] Among the initial reasons for their leaving the Cape colony were the English language rule. The first was formed by Hermann Eckstein in 1887, eventually becoming Rand Mines. A short lifespan might also indicate health problems that were once prevalent in your family. [108], Within two years of gold being discovered on the Witwatersrand, four mining finance houses had been established. By that time, more than 2,000,000 children were orphaned due to the epidemic. In 1874, Henry Bartle Frere was sent to South Africa as High Commissioner for the British Empire to bring such plans into being. Use census records and voter lists to see where families with the South African surname lived. Afumba The police and military who controlled the JMCs by the mid-1980s were endowed with influence in decision-making at every level, from the Cabinet down to local government. Meaning: 'Lion.' 3. Between 1847 and 1854, Harry Smith, governor and high commissioner of the Cape Colony, annexed territories far to the north of original British and Dutch settlement. [8] The first human habitation is associated with a DNA group originating in a northwestern area of southern Africa and still prevalent in the indigenous Khoisan (Khoi and San). A strong relationship existed between the African National Congress (ANC) and the UDF, based on the shared mission statement of the Freedom Charter. Another reason for Dutch-speaking white farmers trekking away from the Cape was the abolition of slavery by the British government on Emancipation Day, 1 December 1838. "Women in South Africa: the historiography in English.". Modern human settlement occurred around 125,000 years ago in the Middle Stone Age, as shown by archaeological discoveries at Klasies River Caves. They moved about 500 miles eastward, over the Quathlamba (today known as the Drakensberg mountain range), settling ultimately in an area officially designated as "Nomansland", which the Griquas renamed Griqualand East. Ababio - Origin: Ghanaian. In 1818 differences between two Xhosa leaders, Ndlambe and Ngqika, ended in Ngqika's defeat, but the British continued to recognise Ngqika as the paramount chief. [144] He returned in 1923, and continued working in the Union of South Africa as a German Spy for the Third Reich. Abebe (Amharic origin) meaning "flower". Page 1 2. The country became a fully sovereign nation state within the British Empire, in 1934 following enactment of the Status of the Union Act. [86] In the battles that followed, the Orange Free State tried unsuccessfully to capture Moshoeshoe's mountain stronghold at Thaba Bosiu, while the Sotho conducted raids in Free State territories. Desiree Hansson, "Changes in counter-revolutionary state strategy in the decade 197989", in Desiree Hansson and Dirk van Zyl Smit (eds.). With a population of roughly 6 million, between 19141918, over 250,000 South Africans of all races voluntarily served their country. Philip's intention was for the Griquas to protect the missionary station there against banditti in the region, and as a bulwark against the northward movement of white settlers from the Cape Colony. [161] Apartheid South Africa reacted to the UN arms embargo by strengthening its military ties with Israel, and establishing its own arms manufacturing industry with the help of Israel. Abara: Originating from the Igbo group of West Africa, Abara means 'spirit'. [155], From 1948, successive National Party administrations formalised and extended the existing system of racial discrimination and denial of human rights into the legal system of apartheid,[156] which lasted until 1991. The exact numbers of all the victims may never be known. Sizwe m Southern African, Xhosa. [71], In 1861, to avoid the imminent prospect of either being colonised by the Cape Colony or coming into conflict with the expanding Boer Republic of Orange Free State, most of the Philippolis Griquas embarked on a further trek. The apartheid-era South African military and political intelligence services, for their part, worked closely with American, British and West German secret services throughout the Cold War. Most Popular African Last Names on FamilyEducation: Ba, Ballo, Dial, First Trimester To-Do List: Take Care of Yourself. On the night of 23/24 May 1842 British colonial forces attacked the Voortrekker camp at Congella. [163], In the mid-1980s, police and army death squads conducted state-sponsored assassinations of dissidents and activists. [9], Many more species of early hominid have come to light in recent decades. The South African Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging or AWB (meaning Afrikaner Resistance Movement), a militant neo-Nazi, mainly Afrikaner white supremacist movement that arose in the 1970s, and was active until the mid-1990s, openly used a flag that closely resembled the swastika. "[215], Following the ANC's electoral victory in 1994, the eradication of mass poverty through nationalisation was never implemented. The first KhoikhoiDutch War broke out in 1659, the second in 1673, and the third 16741677. His impis (warrior regiments) were rigorously disciplined: failure in battle meant death.[46]. In the event of a vacancy the Deputy President serves as Acting President. Sandbox Learning is part of Sandbox & Co., a digital learning company. [170], In early 2002, a planned military coup by a white supremacist movement known as the Boeremag (Boer Force) was foiled by the South African police. Means "lion" in Tswana and Sotho. 37. 29. Akpan. Aguer (South Sudanese origin) means "tree". Concentration camp superintendents did not always record the deaths of black inmates in the camps.[123]. [116] The conflict ended almost as soon as it began with a decisive Boer victory at Battle of Majuba Hill (27 February 1881). President Kruger suspected the insurgency had received at least the tacit approval of the Cape Colony government under the premiership of Cecil John Rhodes, and that Kruger's South African Republic faced imminent danger. [14][15][16] The initial origin of the Khoikhoi remains uncertain.[17][18]. Crocodile Bakoena Bahurutshe Setswana Botswana, South Africa . [122], The AngloBoer War affected all ethnic groups in South Africa. 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