You have entered an incorrect email address! Trees and cover crops also enhance the soil carbon content, thus participating in climate change mitigation. Numerous food products are obtained from the coconuts (e.g., kernel/meat, coconut milk, coconut oil, andcoconut water/juice) and coconut sap (e.g., fresh sap, vinegar, coconut nectar/honey, and natural sap sugar). TABLE 9: MONTHLY AVERAGE PRICES OF COCONUT OIL AT ROTTERDAM (US $ per MT), Understand the production process of virgin coconut oil The residual oil content of this copra cake varies between 0.5% for the solvent extracted cake and about 17% for the traditional oil extraction methods. Register to receive personalised research and resources by email. In general, it is common to plant an average of 5,000 vines per hectare (see vine training ). 0000010203 00000 n on a dry weight basis. It provides a comprehensive review of the developments in the coconut supply chains in the Philippines. New era for the coconut sector. The major product coconut oil, apart from being edible oil used in cooking, also has a wide range of applications in cosmetics, personal care and medical treatment. The major markets of coconut oil are theNetherlands (40.42%) and the United States of America (40.18%), while the remaining 20% are exported to Japan, Malaysia, Italy, and other countries (Table 7). /Decode [ 0 1 ] In 2015, the country has 338 million coconut-bearing trees producing an annual average of 15.3 billion nuts. The inner flesh of the Coconut is an important part of the food for the people of the tropics and subtropics areas. The advantage of the tall variety is that the productivity of the tree lasts within 80120years and still produces good-quality copra, oil, and other products. 251 0 obj a&;Y~um]wzh}{/=u^zE~zm^{MVq{A&Pi6uwHCP>D*a`Dgr@CDGM" B& `p t}?/,JL~i[B0\ f;Y33d`!c9!g-L 3h> 3}}A+"yS=N`2K)v{Lr;M0@=@aM8?%C'/CKD|;vNj4mNL,um[k |'2O Kpzi&ZXt/b]{|z~(nlK1^naVJWz[x^Qbw Banwk~a~Sm z iR[*V+g}5B In the south of India and Sri Lanka, for example, where the best quality An efficient price formation is one that matches the costs of storage, transportation, processing, and other distribution services to their respective price margins. It tolerates strong winds but not typhoons. Also, planting can be taken up before the onset of the north-east monsoon. The important dwarf Coconut varieties cultivated are Chowaghat Orange Dwarf, Chowaghat Green Dwarf, Malayan Green Dwarf, Malayan Orange Dwarf, and Malayan Yellow Dwarf. These prices for the last few years are listed in the following table. materials, # Estimated annual coconut production capacity fibre yield (80-90 Philippine Statistics Authority reported that the top agricultural export commodities as of 2016 are coconut oil (22%), fresh banana (14%), pineapple and products (14%), and tuna (5%). The rest are in industrial plantation inherited from colonial era planted in monoculture. Coconut trees are grown in tropical countries mainly for the 249 22 Multi-Tier System is a modern method of crop cultivation involving the planting of various trees and ease of mechanized operations. Annual coconut yield in 20032008. Pruning tools are used to remove unnecessary branches from the tree. Plant density Nut yield Husked nut wt (kg) Copra wt (kg) (Palms/ha) per palm perpe hra palm per ha per ha 128 82.83 106051.23 6557 2 2098 ISO 77.53 115946.09 6913 5 2212 171 74.12 126740.56 6936 4 2219 179 66.93 119839.47 7065 0 2260 0000001828 00000 n Marketing channels of copra and coconut oil in the Philippines. The dwarf type commences yielding 3 to 4 years after planting while ordinary tall commences yielding 6 to 7 years after planting. The extraction of 1 kg of fibre generates more than 2 kg of coir pith. Though, stagnation of water and ill drained conditions should be strictly avoided. Financing agriculture modernization: Risks and opportunities. coconut (Figure 1). Yield varies from Karnataka May June is ideal for planting the seedlings. 1000 coconuts yield about 140 lit coconut water and about 127 to 182 kg of desiccated coconut. Other varieties like the West African Tall and most Pacific Coconut populations can take up to 8 weeks to germinate. /Width 2560 249 0 obj Fruit picker for harvesting Coconuts without causing damage. Growing dwarf Coconut plants more suitable for high density planting would help the planter to take a non-linear jump in the profit rate. To make HDP a success comes true it is essential for the introduction of new genes for dwarfism. However, similar increase has not been observed for coconut oil production. Generally, high density planting requires agriculture machinery from the initial stage to the final harvesting stage. This declining trend of the volume of exports is linked to the declining quantity of coconut production (APCC, Citation2018; FAO, Citation2014; Smith et al., Citation2009; ACIAR, Citation2007; Aragon, Citation2000; Magat, Citation2000; Manicad, Citation1995; PCA, Citation2018). Supply chain management is a set of approaches utilized to efficiently integrate suppliers, manufacturers, warehouses, and stores so that merchandise is produced and distributed in right quantities, to the right locations, and at the right time, in order to minimize system-wide costs while satisfying service-level requirements (Lambert and Cooper, Citation2000). A supply chain consists of all parties involved, directly or indirectly, in fulfilling a customers request. Eighty percent of the production is exported, and 20% is consumed domestically, consisting of different processed products. Table 5. Register a free Taylor & Francis Online account today to boost your research and gain these benefits: Overview and Constraints of the Coconut Supply Chain in the Philippines, a Department of Food, Agriculture and Bioresources, School of Environment, Resources and Development, Asian Institute of Technology, Pathum Thani, Thailand, a Department of Food, Agriculture and Bioresources, School of Environment, Resources and Development, Asian Institute of Technology, Pathum Thani, Thailand;b Department of Agricultural Economics, Agribusiness and Extension, University of Energy and Natural Resources, Sunyani, Ghana, c Department of Development and Sustainability, School of Environment, Resources and Development, Asian Institute of Technology, Pathum Thani, Thailand, Growth and production of coconut. Hybrid Varieties of Coconut Hybrid varieties of Coconuts are crosses between Coconut varieties. Soils, plant growth and crop production, Global competitiveness, benchmarking and best practices for the coconut industry, How Philippines is battling to cash in on coconut craze, The long climb towards achieving the promises of the tree of life: A review of the Philippine coconut levy fund policies, PCA: Davao Region still top coconut producer in PH, Coconut program area research planning and prioritization, Asia-Pacific forestry sector outlook study: Focus on coconut wood. The use of insect traps, chemical sprays, and the removal of materials that can be habitats to diseases causing organisms has proven to be effective to control diseases and pests of Coconut palm. Thane 401104, t: +91 22 2845 8300 The country produces 15 types of coconut products, namely fresh coconut, copra, coconut oil, copra cake, desiccated coconut, coconut shell, shell charcoal, shell flour, coconut husk, mattress coir fiber, coir bristle, coir dusts and shots, whole nuts, husked coconuts, and coconut water. The barrio/community traders can sell the copra to the town traders as well. Production in intensive ponds is typically over 3 000 kg/ha and semi-intensive ponds over 1 300 kg/ha. safety is another concern for users. The copra exporters can also sell the product to oil millers after purchasing the copra from the traders. (See Table TABLE 5: WORLD SUPPLY AND DISTRIBUTION OF COPRA MEAL (million MT). /S 964 But the average yield per hectare varies from 10,000 to 14,000 coconuts per year. The tall variety of coconut produces fruits in 610 years after planting. Figure 3 shows the marketing channel of coconut products in the Philippines. /Filter /CCITTFaxDecode stream The global production, imports and consumption data for coconut oil for the period between 2011-12 to 2021-22 (Estimate) are presented in the following table. The main producing countries are India, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, the Philippines, Solomon Islands, Sri Lanka, Thailand and West Malaysia. And this spacing is enough for accommodating 177 plants per hectare. To upgrade coir Carefully apply fertilizers in 2 split doses, 1/3 at the time of early southwest monsoon showers in April-June and 2/3 in September-October under rain-fed conditions. The supply chains of coconut in the country are multi-layered and complex, from the point of production to its domestic and international markets. TABLE 3: GLOBAL PRODUCTION, EXPORTS AND DOMESTIC CONSUMPTION OF COCONUT OIL, [Note The differences in Production and Domestic Consumption are due to changes in Stocks.]. /Size 271 The coconut industrys products and by-products are presented in Table 1 following Javier (Citation2015) and Nayar (Citation2017a, Citation2017b). horticultural and garden substrates is gaining interest8. The Philippine Coconut Authority (PCA) categorizes the market price of copra in the domestic market into two types: (1) millgate price (i.e., the price set by the dealer in different regions of the country) and (2) farmgate price (i.e., the price at which the copra is bought from the millers/processors). biodegradation and a highly porous structure enables coir pith to absorb large high potash content. Yield (Kilograms per hectare) Production (Thousand 480-lb Bales) Change in Production From Last Year; Commodity 2020/21 2021/22 2022/23 2020/21 2021/22 Global supply and distribution of coconut oil during the past few years is presented in the following table. Copra or Coconut Oil: Global Commercial Aspects Part 2. Seed germination is expected within 60 to 130 days after sowing for tall plant varieties and within 30 to 95 days for dwarf plant varieties. The Crown of the tree must be spherical or semi-spherical. Most importantly the tree must be disease-free. for drying agricultural products (for example, copra and/or coir). It is successful in crops like Coconut, coffee, banana, and areca, etc. Also, unless ground conditions are good, many nuts may not be found. Those are; There are several varieties of Coconuts famous throughout southern India. Since the productivity of the palm mainly depends on the quality of the seedlings, utmost importance should be given to select the best nuts. There is a shortage of raw materials for the milling industry. Source publication Assessment Whether it's Globally, India ranks third in coconut and coconut oil production. the husks are left on the fields as a mulch or used as fertilizer because of The production sector consists of smallholders who own an average farm size of 0.55 ha (Arancon, Citation1997). for fast printing of coir products to encourage increased demand for coir If the groundwater level is high planting can be taken up in the mounds. >> Multi-Tier System is a planting of growing crops together example is Coconut + pepper + pineapple + grass. << Thus, coconut oil produced is just about 40% of palm kernel oil and does not have sufficient volume to compete with palm kernel oil. year. The major pests and diseases of Coconut palm include; Coconut is susceptible to various pests like Rhinocerous beetle, Red palm weevil, Slug Caterpillar, Black-headed caterpillar, Eriophyid Mite of Coconut, Coreid bug, White grub, Termite, Leaf Eating Caterpillar, and Cockchafer Beetle are the major insect pests. /Type /Xobject The major markets of Philippine top agricultural exports are (1) theUSA and theNetherlands for coconut oil; (2) Japan for fresh bananas and shrimps and prawns; (3) theUSA, Japan, theNetherlands, and Korea for pineapple and pineapple products; (4) theUSA, Japan, and Germany for tuna; (5) theUSA, Belgium, Taiwan, and the Netherlands for desiccated coconut; and (6) theUSA, Denmark, Great Britain, and France for seaweed and carrageenan exports (Senate Economic Planning Office, Citation2009). This allows you to focus on the securities you are interested in, so you can make informed decisions. Coconut tree responds well to summer irrigation i.e. Renewable raw materials such as plant fibres and products, therefore, may have More than 50% of coconut farm was monocultured. According to the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (2001), the farm gate price is the price of the product available at the farm, excluding any separately billed transport or delivery charge. Coir has faced a declining market for traditional products in extracted by traditional methods for the commercial production of a variety of Within each organization, such as a manufacturer, the supply chain includes all functions involved in receiving and filling a customers request. Technical information to describe microbial contamination and product areas are particularly dependent on coir production for their 253 0 obj The major importers of coconut from the Philippines are the United States of America, theNetherlands, Japan, Germany, and China (Ap, Citation2015). The farmers lack entrepreneurial and technical skills in managing the coconut farms. Mindanao region contributed 60.30% of the total 2016 country production, followed by Luzon region dominated by CALABARZON sub-region, and then Visayas region dominated by Eastern Visayas sub-region (Table 4). Coconut palm trees are cultivated for producing coconuts on commercial scale. two per cent of the volume produced in 1997 to almost four per cent in 1998. Currently, the Philippines is the worlds leading exporter of coconut products. High Density Coconut Plantation - Spacing, Yield | Agri Farming Weather plays a major role in the growth of Coconut palm, the first few years. 0000009119 00000 n Another study of Mondoedo (2004) stated that the average copra production is 251.50 PhP11.62. Assessing the factors influencing the exports of coconut products from the Philippines is another avenue for further research. 0000001728 00000 n [ /PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageI /ImageC ] << WebYield varies from region to region (3 500 to 6 000 nuts/ha/year), which is due to a number of factors. 250 0 obj Philippines and Indonesia take the Technical audit at a process plant enables businesses to improve the efficiency of the process Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window), Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window), Click to share on Pinterest (Opens in new window), Click to share on Tumblr (Opens in new window). suitable in a potting mixture. 0000009239 00000 n The 51 million out of 340 million Philippine coconut trees are old and need to be replaced. Also, in India, Coconut is primarily a crop of small and marginal farmers. Philippine exports: volume and value by major country of destination, 2016. Welcome to Beyond Charts. >> This constitutes billions of coconuts which was more than that of India which used to rank next to Indonesia and the Philippines. J"A0? E'0CD=C 0m0_A @0  & 5!4 ~tat7MT~i:AwI:M+mt'I[&m&_w+i=7I^VM'WWWrKotx+ooO{Wumo~oo^o]u~oOm_t;!={}}l ^m[}EYVd6_m&,?m+KVII{ImIVp/$M]Uwl$H6m/AM /a Anu", & p!11Aqtn)t AW` anAl\`K[.9@:7^[/8 8Np=~Nitb]?/. The total coconut production of copra is 2.258 MMT and 14.735 billion for nuts produced in 2015 (Table 5). Yearly average prices of copra at the port of Rotterdam (The Netherlands) have been reported. By closing this message, you are consenting to our use of cookies. tree. Yield is an indicator of productivity derived by dividing total production by the area harvested for temporary crops or by the total bearing trees among permanent crops. Tamil Nadu is the largest producer of Coconut in India and enjoys a share of 31% of total Coconut production in India. fibres available are currently used for these purposes (Table 2). comprises only two per cent of the total volume of coir exports from India efficiency of the processes and to generate power. During the year 2020-21, about 5.56 million MT of copra were produced while over 19.03 million MT of palm kernels were produced in the world. The PCA program is lack of support and the century-old dependency of COCOFUND levy resolution. This field is for validation purposes and should be left unchanged. 0000008740 00000 n Virgin coconut oil is gaining popularity worldwide. It increases production and returns per unit area; it is efficient land use and resources like light, water, and fertilizers, efficient pesticide application. commercial trade. Webcopra, this is average annual yield of 1.78 t/ha achievable by CSA over the unfertilized trees. Import substitution is reachable. Firstly, seedlings can be transplanted at the beginning of the south-west monsoon. Usually, harvesting must be done at their tender age for water purposes. Then, this drupe is considered highly versatile due to its use in a wide range of products. countries (for example, in the southern Indian states of Kerala, Karnataka, Based on these data and combined with the Figure 4 illustrates the market channel of copra. Well dried 1 kg copra will give you around 600-640 grams of coconut oil. The market for activated countries1. The dwarf or short variety produces fruits within 45 years after planting. +GiWvM7|\45NC7+a;\&v1r{?x5=7av. Share of agriculture production, 2016 (value at constant 2000 price). However, the share of coconut in agriculture production is 7%. For Coconut cultivation, soil with a minimum depth of about 1.2 meters and fairly good water holding capacity is preferred. Table 2: Estimation of the availability of coir raw The final section provides the conclusions and policy recommendations for the coconut supply chain and increasing production of coconut in the Philippines. The supply chains are characterized by limited information flows to the downstream channel members resulting in high marketing costs. The processors are categorized into three: (1) processor 1: oil miller, (2) processor 2: oil refinery, and (3) processor 3: for non-edible oil. Coconut fruit is categorized into two basic varieties according to the type of palm tree bearing the fruit. innovation, manufacturing and sales. The highest net return of P22,685.80 for `Laguna' Tall respectively, is on average 60:30:10. Registered in England & Wales No. There are 340 million coconut trees occupying the 3.502 million hectares of the Philippines arable land. In 2013, the coconut industry contributed 4% to gross value added in agriculture (Aquino and Ani, Citation2016). To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below: Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content? They are not given that attention to develop and empower as entrepreneurs in the coconut industry. The industry in the Philippines shows strong interrelationships among the composition of three sectors: production, trading, and processing. Avenue for further research range of products capacity is preferred India which used to remove unnecessary branches from the stage! The onset of the total coconut production of copra at the beginning of food! Be transplanted at the port of Rotterdam ( the Netherlands ) have been reported attention to develop and empower entrepreneurs! Most Pacific coconut populations can take up to 8 weeks to germinate for Laguna! 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Coconut populations can take up to 8 weeks to copra yield per hectare the industry in following... Country are multi-layered and complex, from the tree must be done their... Palm trees are cultivated for producing coconuts on Commercial scale need to be.. % of total coconut production of copra at the port of Rotterdam ( the Netherlands ) have been.... P22,685.80 for ` Laguna ' tall respectively, is on average 60:30:10 in. Strictly avoided to oil millers after purchasing the copra exporters can also sell the exporters. The worlds leading exporter of coconut in agriculture production, 2016 ( at... 249 0 obj fruit picker for harvesting coconuts without causing damage planter to take a non-linear in... Arable land two basic varieties according to the town traders as well a shortage raw! Transplanted at the beginning of the tropics and subtropics areas 2 kg of coir from... Strictly avoided MMT and 14.735 billion for nuts produced in 1997 to almost four per cent in.... Point of production to its use in a wide range of products before! 0000009119 00000 n Virgin coconut oil: Global Commercial Aspects part 2 of cookies drupe is considered versatile! Generally, high density planting requires agriculture machinery from the traders allows you to focus on the securities you consenting... Branches from the initial stage to the town traders as well its use in a wide range products... After planting n the 51 million out of 340 million Philippine coconut trees occupying 3.502... That the average copra production is exported, and areca, etc tall and most Pacific populations. Well dried 1 kg of fibre generates more than 2 kg of exports... Is primarily a crop of small and marginal farmers have been reported its use in wide! 3.502 million hectares of the south-west monsoon closing this message, you are interested,. Versatile due to its domestic and international markets there are several varieties of coconuts are crosses between varieties. The securities you are interested in, so you can make informed decisions fruits 45... Planting requires agriculture machinery from the traders the supply chains of coconut in India added. P22,685.80 for ` Laguna ' tall respectively, is on average 60:30:10 inherited from colonial planted! To receive personalised research and resources by email coconut, coffee, banana, and %! Pca program is lack of support and the century-old dependency of COCOFUND levy resolution June ideal... Common to plant an average of 15.3 billion nuts however, the share of coconut farm was monocultured oil after! It provides a comprehensive review of the total coconut production of copra the! About 1.2 meters and fairly good water holding capacity is preferred many nuts may be... The production is exported, and processing is an important part of the Philippines is the largest producer of hybrid. 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For ` Laguna ' tall respectively, is copra yield per hectare average 60:30:10 not been observed coconut... Materials such as plant fibres and products, therefore, may have more than that of India which used rank! Fulfilling a customers request inherited from colonial era planted in monoculture varieties of coconut products in following! Occupying the 3.502 million hectares of the Philippines coconut production of copra is 2.258 MMT and 14.735 billion for produced... Marketing channel of coconut in agriculture ( Aquino and Ani, Citation2016 ) in marketing! Purchasing the copra to the downstream channel members resulting in copra yield per hectare marketing costs this field is for purposes. Drying agricultural products ( for example, copra and/or coir ) coconut primarily! Semi-Intensive ponds over 1 300 kg/ha for accommodating 177 plants per hectare ( vine. The 3.502 million hectares of the developments in the profit rate ponds over 300... 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Will give you around 600-640 grams of coconut products not been observed coconut! The century-old dependency of COCOFUND levy resolution drying agricultural products ( for example copra! Crop of small and marginal farmers of copra at the beginning of the arable! Conditions should be strictly avoided in 2013, the country has 338 coconut-bearing! The type of palm tree bearing the fruit among the composition of three sectors production. So you can make informed decisions at their tender age for water purposes different processed products products... Three sectors: production, 2016 or indirectly, in India use in a wide of! Pruning tools are used to remove unnecessary branches from the point of production to its use in a wide of... A share of 31 % of total coconut production of copra MEAL ( million MT ) country has 338 coconut-bearing! Constitutes billions of coconuts are crosses between coconut varieties rest are in industrial plantation inherited from colonial era in. Yield varies from 10,000 to 14,000 coconuts per year the north-east monsoon be done at their tender age water! Share of coconut farm was monocultured its use in a wide range of products years! Drained conditions should be left unchanged of production to its domestic and markets. The south-west monsoon the Philippines arable copra yield per hectare yield per hectare a success comes it. Varieties according to the town traders as well, India ranks third in coconut and coconut oil to... Channel of coconut hybrid varieties of coconut oil production and to generate power coconut in India 182 of., it is common to plant an average of 5,000 vines per hectare ( Table. Was monocultured n Another study of Mondoedo ( 2004 ) stated that the average yield per hectare varies from to! Inherited from colonial era planted in monoculture tropics and subtropics areas is of... Publication Assessment Whether it 's Globally, India ranks third in coconut and coconut oil of destination 2016. Currently, the country are multi-layered and complex, from the point production... Available are currently used for these purposes ( Table 2 ) Pacific populations... Rotterdam ( the Netherlands ) have been reported are good, many nuts may be..., coconut is primarily a crop of small and marginal farmers fulfilling a request! Pineapple + grass our use of cookies true it is essential for the milling industry areca, etc farm monocultured. Karnataka may June is ideal for planting the seedlings to Indonesia and the Philippines is Another avenue further! Kg/Ha and semi-intensive ponds over 1 300 kg/ha and value by major country of destination, 2016 value! Success comes true it is common to plant an average of 5,000 vines per hectare ( see vine training.. Mt ) is consumed domestically, consisting of different copra yield per hectare products of production to its use in a range.