[citation needed] In addition, he met fellow then Stikeman Elliott lawyer Stanley Hartt, who later played a vital role assisting him during his political career as Mulroney's Chief of Staff. More than you think", "Government apologizes to Japanese Canadians in 1988", "Criticism of Israel is not necessarily antisemitic: Mulroney", "Pierre Trudeau comes back to tackle Meech Lake CBC Archives", "Lucien Bouchard says 'wounds' remain with Brian Mulroney", "Bouchard was fired in 1990, Mulroney insists on tapes", "Mulroney: I'll never forgive Bouchard's betrayal", "25 years since Elijah Harper said 'no' to the Meech Lake Accord", "Parliamentarian File Clark, The Rt. In 1983 Mulroney successfully negotiated the closing of the Schefferville mine, winning a generous settlement for the affected workers. He later developed pancreatitis and he remained in hospital for several weeks. [90], The Accord was supported by the federal government and all ten provincial governments. [71] In August 1986, Mulroney met with provincial premiers in Edmonton, Alberta, where the ministers agreed to the "Edmonton Declaration". In early 2009, Mulroney "called a high-ranking person in the party and asked that his name be removed from all party lists" due to his anger at the continued inquiry into his financial affairs,[139] although he denies this claim. He has been criticized for his role in the resurgence of Quebec nationalism and accused of corruption in the Airbus affair, a scandal that would only gain prominence several years after he left office. This is wrong for Canada, and I am not going to ask Canadians to pay the price.' Mulroney's inability to improve the government's finances, as well as his use of tax increases to deal with it, were major factors in alienating the western conservative portion of his power base this contrasted with his tax cuts earlier as part of his 'pro-business' plan which had increased the deficit. His doctors performed a biopsy, which ruled out cancer (his surgery is sometimes cited as an example of the dangers of unnecessary testing). [9] Mark and Nicolas both work in the financial industry in Toronto.[10]. The Mulroney family is a Canadian political family originating from Quebec. [115], Widespread public resentment of the goods and services tax, the early 1990s recession, the fracturing of his political coalition, and his lack of results regarding the Quebec situation caused Mulroney's popularity to decline severely during his second term. 'We've been badly surprised': Former ambassador David Mulroney on Canada's changing relationship with China David Mulroney, Canada's ambassador to China, is seen before testifying in the Special Committee on the Canadian Mission in Afghanistan on Parliament Hill in Ottawa, Ontario on Thursday, Nov. 26, 2009. [2] When Clark received an endorsement by only 66.9 per cent of delegates at the party convention in January 1983 in Winnipeg, he resigned and ran to regain his post at the 1983 leadership convention. In 1981, Quebec Premier Ren Lvesque, leader of the Quebec nationalist Parti Qubcois government, had been the only provincial premier not to agree to the package of constitutional amendments which patriated the Constitution of Canada. He became a partner in his law firm in 1971. If they're worried about branding, then shut the inquiry down. The government argued the MST damaged the Canadian economy's competitiveness as it only applied to domestically-manufactured goods, as opposed to the new GST which applied to both domestic and imported goods. [15] The Cliche Commission's report was largely adopted by the Bourassa government. After the famine, Mulroney's government increased aid and development funding to Africa. [155] Former Bloc Qubcois leader Michel Gauthier considered Mulroney to be the greatest Prime Minister of the last 50 years. He was instrumental in ending several strikes along the Montreal waterfront. Hon. At the end of the conference, Mulroney stated, "I leave this conference believing we have a better chance of saving the world than we had when we came here. Mulroney used Section 26 (the Deadlock Clause), a little known Constitutional provision, allowing him in an emergency situation to ask the Queen to appoint eight new Senators. The government implemented the deal; it was made effective on January 1, 1989. The town had its start thanks to Colonel Robert McCormick, who owned the Chicago Tribune and used the town to supply his papers with newsprint. Doug Ford's government is turning to one of the Mulroney's old family friends to help run Ontario's new procurement agency. His leadership on the international stage against South Africa's apartheid regime had been impressive. Conference experts claimed that Canada's signing of the treaty motivated the United Kingdom and Germany to pledge their support and thus avoid the convention's defeat. The conference also introduced the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, which sought to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to an environmentally-friendly level; Canada was the first Group of Seven (G7) nation to sign the treaty. Ben was the host of CTV morning show Your Morning from June 2016 to October 2021. Anyone found in violation of the law could be imprisoned for up to two years. He is the son of Irish Canadian Catholic parents, Mary Irene (ne O'Shea) and Benedict Martin Mulroney,[1] who was a paper mill electrician. Joe Clark led the Progressive Conservative party to a minority government in the 1979 federal election which ended 16 years of continuous Liberal rule. He was noted for ending several strikes along the Montreal waterfront where he met fellow lawyer W. David Angus of Stikeman Elliott, who would later become a valuable fundraiser for his campaigns. Brian Mulroney. [90], The Accord gave provinces jurisdiction over foresty, mining, cultural affairs,[note 2] and other areas; required the federal government to negotiate policy with the provinces in certain areas such as telecommunications, labour and training, regional development, and immigration; abolished disallowance (which gives the federal Cabinet power to overrule provincial legislation within one year of it being passed); and required provincial consent for the federal government gaining power over provincial infrastructure projects. Under Mulroney, military spending growth was reduced to 1.5 percent per year and foreign aid growth was reduced to 3 percent per year. David Mulroney, President of the University of St. Michael's College (USMC), announced his plans to retire and the search for his successor in an announcement on May 17. Today, abortion in Canada remains completely legal at all stages of pregnancy, regardless of the reason. [2] Mulroney and Bourassa would later cultivate a friendship that would turn out to be extremely beneficial when Mulroney ran for re-election in 1988. A new $60-million university institute in Nova Scotia celebrating former prime minister Brian Mulroney and being built with money he personally solicited got a good chunk of that financing. Mulroney claimed his resignation was not related to the consensus that he would be heavily defeated by Jean Chrtien's Liberals if he led the Tories into the next election, and rather argued he could defeat the Liberals if he sought another term. [76] The agreement would have changed the constitution's amending formula. He was prime minister during the fractious debates over free trade with the United States. [citation needed], Mulroney's professional reputation was further enhanced when he ended a strike that was considered impossible to resolve at the Montreal newspaper La Presse. [111] In this election, Mulroney transferred to another eastern Quebec seat, Charlevoix, after an electoral redistribution saw its boundary shift to include Baie-Comeau. Mulroney's legacy in Canada is associated mostly with the 1989 Free Trade Agreement[105] and the Goods and Services Tax (GST). A picture of the book pops up on screen. For three years from 1986 to 1988, the refundable child tax credits were increased to $549 per year. Heather Bird. [49][50]:1215, The environment was a key focus of Mulroney's government. He then moved to Montreal and gained prominence as a labour lawyer. [8] She is the Ontario's minister of transportation and minister of Francophone affairs. [66] In another free vote, the House of Commons passed the new bill by nine votes. In the Progressive Conservatives' final year in office, the deficit was at $38.5 billion in fiscal year 19931994, about the same level that it was when Pierre Trudeau left office. Hamovitch, Eric, Rae Murphy, Robert Chodos. Bate also shared sympathy towards her father's reaction over the spoof. Mulroney became a labor lawyer, an exciting new field in Quebec. Mulroney made other important, lasting friendships with Gerald Doucet, Fred Doucet, Sam Wakim, and Patrick MacAdam. Policy Magazine says Mulroney had the best relationships with U.S. presidents of any prime minister in . Quick Facts Name: Martin Brian Mulroney Born: March 20, 1939, Baie-Comeau, Quebec Served: September 17, 1984 to June 25, 1993 (8 years) Party: Progressive Conservative Lamer had been appointed a Puisne Justice on the advice Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau, March 28, 1980). Mulroney joined with Joe Clark and others in supporting former Justice minister E. Davie Fulton. Drawing upon his labour law experience, he instituted improved labour relations, and, with commodity prices on the rise, company profits soared during the next several years. Days later, the UN and Red Cross launched an effort to save seven million starving Ethiopians and 22 million others in Africa. Once Fulton dropped off the ballot, Mulroney helped in swinging most of his organization over to Robert Stanfield, who won. On December 5, 2018, Mulroney presented a eulogy for former U.S. President George H. W. Bush during the latter's state funeral. This country is made up of small towns and big dreams. ", "Canada's failed experiment with corporate income tax cuts", "Canada's 9% Sales Tax Proposal Stirs Discontent", "Brian Mulroney looks back at GST with no regrets", "When Brian Mulroney upsized the Senate to pass the GST", "Lessons from the North: Canada's Privatization of Military Ammunition Production", "Connaught Labs the greatest mistake ever made by a Canadian government", "June 1, 1985, marks the day the Western Accord on Energy and an open market took over", "That time conservatives saved the planet from climate change", "Years ago, Canada and the U.S. came together to end the acid rain threat. By 1988, Mulroney's government cut the deficit to $28 billion, though it would never decrease beyond that point and the deficit would instead increase. Hamilton took Mulroney with him on the campaign trail, where the young organizer gained valuable experience. Literatura [ editovat | editovat zdroj] During his terms as prime minister he tried to address several difficult issues. M. Brian Mulroney, PC, CC, LLD (The Right Honourable) Senior Partner Norton Rose Fulbright Canada LLP Montral T: +1 514 847 4779 LinkedIn vCard Key industry sectors In September 1984, Brian Mulroney led the Progressive Conservative party to the largest victory in Canadian history, becoming Canada's eighteenth Prime Minister. Many recall the seminal moment in U.S.-Canada relations when Mulroney and then President Reagan sang "When Irish Eyes Are Smiling" at the so-called Shamrock Summit. Mulroney had played the lead role in recruiting Wagner to the PC party a few years earlier, and the two wound up as rivals for Quebec delegates, most of whom were snared by Wagner, who even blocked Mulroney from becoming a voting delegate at the convention. However, the government fell after a successful no-confidence motion over his minority government's budget in December 1979. Mulroney repeatedly pressed the issue in public meetings with Reagan in 1987[55] and 1988. His government added eight new national parks (including Bruce Peninsula and South Moresby), and passed the Canadian Environmental Assessment Act and Canadian Environmental Protection Act. Brian Mulroney was one of the most disappointing Prime Ministers that Canada ever had. The Accord failed to be ratified as Manitoba and Newfoundland and Labrador did not approve of it by the June 23, 1990, deadline. [6] Many PC campaign buttons featured both Mulroney's face and hers, and Ontario Premier Bill Davis commented to Brian, "Mila will get you more votes for you than you will for yourself. Mulroney asked Lucien Bouchard to join as counsel. Mulroney wanted Quebec to endorse the constitution and wanted to include Quebec in a new agreement with the rest of Canada. "David Mulroney has emerged as one of the most powerful voices on foreign policy and Canadian culture following a distinguished career as a public servant," said MLI Managing Director Dr. Brian Lee Crowley. There is no question that Brian Mulroney's policies have had a positive and lasting impact on our economy and on our rightful place in the world. Joan Ramsay. Mulroney's intense unpopularity at the time of his resignation led many Conservative politicians to distance themselves from him for some years. [78] That meant that there was a three year deadline for those amendments to pass. [151] During his announcement of his intention to resign as prime minister, Mulroney responded to criticism of his policies by stating, "I tried to do what I thought would be right for Canada in the long term, not what I thought would be politically popular in the short term. The bill replaced the 1987 rate schedule of 10 brackets (with rates ranging from 6 to 34 percent) with a schedule of only three brackets (with rates of 17 percent, 26 percent, and 29 percent). A notable incident included the revelation that the controversy may have involved the office of the Premier of Quebec, when it emerged that Paul Desrochers, Bourassa's special executive assistant had met with the union boss Andr Desjardins, known as the "King of Construction", to ask for his help with winning a by-election in exchange guaranteeing that only companies employing workers from his union would work on the James Bay project. Mulroney made environmental protection a key focus of his government, securing a treaty with the United States on acid rain and moving Canada to become the first industrialized country to ratify the Convention on Biological Diversity. They took 211 seats, three more than their previous record in 1958 and the highest number of seats ever won by any party in Canadian history. He is the son of Irish Canadian Catholic parents, Mary Irene (ne O'Shea) and Benedict Martin Mulroney, who was a paper mill electrician. His net worth has been growing significantly in 2021-2022. He expressed his disappointment with the Liberals strengthening relations with China, Russia, and Germany and instead voiced his support for the United States, stating, "I want to stick with my old friends and allies." He was Canada's ambassador to the People's Republic of China from 2009 to 2012. He was courageous, transformative leader who. It was almost taken for granted that Trudeau would be heavily defeated by Mulroney in the general election due no later than 1985. The family includes the 18th prime minister of Canada Brian Mulroney. [143] Just a month and a bit later, Mulroney criticized him on the matter of COVID-19 vaccinations, stating that he should show 'leadership' and expel unvaccinated MPs from the Conservative caucus. Mulroney, while publicly endorsing Clark at a press conference in 1982, organized behind the scenes to defeat him at the party's leadership review. [11] After graduating from St. Francis Xavier with a degree in political science in 1959, Mulroney at first pursued a law degree from Dalhousie Law School in Halifax. Mulroney's use of an "emergency" clause in the constitution was controversial and contributed to his decline in popularity. In doing so, Mulroney and the paper's owner, Canadian business mogul Paul Desmarais, became friends. Former Canadian Prime Minister Brian Mulroney, attending a fundraising gala with Donald Trump, was called to the stage Saturday night to sing a tune he performed alongside another U.S.. The Amex Bank of Canada started operating on July 1, 1990. Mulroney is the grandfather of Lewis H. Lapham III, twins Pierce Lapham and Elizabeth Theodora Lapham, and Miranda Brooke Lapham from daughter Caroline; and twins Brian Gerald Alexander and John Benedict Dimitri and Isabel Veronica (known as Ivy) by son Ben and his wife Jessica. Mulroney, a St. Michael's College alumnus, began his three-year term as President on July 1, 2015 after a long career in the Canadian Foreign Service, including a stint as . [35], The worldwide recession of the early 1990s significantly damaged the government's financial situation. By late 1982, Joe Clark's leadership of the Progressive Conservatives was being questioned in many party circles and among many Tory members of Parliament, despite his solid national lead over Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau in opinion polls, which stretched to 19 percent in summer 1982. Mr. Mulroney owns over 100,000 units of Blackstone Inc stock worth over $8,442,500 and over the last 16 years he sold BX stock worth over $69,894. Mulroney neglected his studies, fell seriously ill during the winter term, was hospitalized, and, despite getting extensions for several courses because of his illness, left his program at Dalhousie after the first year. [48], On June 1, 1985, Mulroney's government negotiated the Western Accord on Energy with the governments of the oil-producing provinces. According to Canadian protocol, as a former Prime Minister, he is styled "The Right Honourable" for life. Many Tories expected patronage appointments due to the long time out of government. From 1985, Mulroney spearheaded an aggressive . In June 2004, Mulroney presented a eulogy for former U.S. President Ronald Reagan during the latter's state funeral. Mulroney would sing Irish songs for McCormick,[3] and the publisher would slip him $50. In the 1993 election, nearly all of the Tories' Western support shifted to Reform, which replaced the PCs as the major right-wing force in Canada. [32] Mulroney also put spending limits on medicare. Martin Brian Mulroney PC CC GOQ (/mlruni/ muul-ROO-nee; born March 20, 1939) is a Canadian lawyer, businessman, and politician who served as the 18th prime minister of Canada from 1984 to 1993. September 8, 2022 by Erin Krespan. Although the government argued the tax was not a tax increase, but a tax shift, the highly visible nature of the tax was extremely unpopular, and many polls showed that as many as 80 percent of Canadians were opposed to the tax. We have estimated Brian Mulroney's net worth, money, salary, income, and assets. Mulroney's government introduced the Northern Cod Adjustment and Recovery Program (NCARP) that provided unemployment insurance payments and retraining to workers; most of the workers viewed this as insufficient. David Mulroney spent the majority of his 30-plus years in the Canadian foreign service focussed on Asia. [146][147] Tom Axworthy, a prominent Liberal strategist, responded that Trudeau should be judged on his mature views. [53][54] Negotiations began in 1986 when Mulroney first discussed the issue with then-president Ronald Reagan. [25] He demanded that Turner apologize to the country for making "these horrible appointments." As a result, some provinces had to drop insurance coverage for certain medical procedures and drugs. [21], In the early days of the campaign, Mulroney made several gaffes regarding patronage, including the reference to Ambassador Bryce Mackasey as "there's no whore like an old whore". However, Mulroney successfully turned the tables by pointing to the recent raft of Liberal patronage appointments. [129], On September 12, 2005, veteran writer and former Mulroney confidant Peter C. Newman released The Secret Mulroney Tapes: Unguarded Confessions of a Prime Minister. The Tories had won just over half the popular vote, and no other party crossed the 50-seat mark. The Reform Party opposed the Mulroney government's promotion of the Meech Lake and Charlottetown Accords as well as their introduction of the goods and services tax. The Mulroney government's efforts to aid Ethiopia differed Canada from the United States and the United Kingdom, two Western nations which avoided taking action against the famine due to Ethiopia's Marxist regime. The party attracted a few other PC and Liberal members of parliament. The bill also limited the lifetime capital gains exemption to $100,000; lowered capital cost allowances; established limitations on deductible business expenses; and cut the dividend tax credit. He became president of the company in 1977. During his IOC term, he made liberal use of the company's executive jet, frequently flying business associates and friends on fishing trips. Profile of Brian Mulroney. The GST did not apply to basic groceries, prescription drugs, health and dental care, educational services, day care, and legal aid. Diefenbaker had reached his 70th birthday in 1965. He was also very active in campus politics, serving with distinction in several Model Parliaments, and was campus prime minister in a Maritimes-wide Model Parliament in 1958.[2]. Violence and dirty tactics had broken out as part of a union accreditation struggle. Mulroney makes the case that his once-radical policies on the economy and free trade were not reversed by subsequent governments, and regards this as vindication. [5], On May 26, 1973, Mulroney married Mila Pivniki, the daughter of a Serbian-Canadian doctor, Dimitrije Mita Pivniki, from Sarajevo. The summit gained its name from the two leaders' Irish background and because the meeting started on St. Patrick's Day. Mulroney's tenure as prime minister was marked by the introduction of major economic reforms, such as the CanadaUnited States Free Trade Agreement, the goods and services tax (GST) that was created to replace the manufacturers' sales tax, and the privatization of 23 of 61 Crown corporations including Air Canada and Petro-Canada. Mulroney and former British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher were the first foreign dignitaries to eulogize at a funeral for an American president. On June 25, 1993, Mulroney resigned as prime minister and chose not to run for reelection at the Commons. The Meech Lake Accord's demise sparked a revival of Quebec separatism, leading to the rise of the Bloc Qubcois. "He's part of the history of this party, you can't rewrite history. Mulroney assisted with the 1958 national election campaign at the local level in Nova Scotia, a campaign that led to the largest majority in history of the Canadian House of Commons. The PCs subsequently lost the federal election held two months later to Trudeau and the Liberals. The former prime minister appeared on tape and very formally acknowledged the various dignitaries and audience groups before delivering the shortest speech of the night: "Peter Newman: Go fuck yourself. In addition, the Accord addressed Indigenous self-government and contained the "Canada Clause" that determines Canadian values including egalitarianism, multiculturalism, and recognition of Quebec as a distinct society. He has been practicing law for 42 years and was the principal of Mulroney & Company, established in 1992, before partnering with Christopher Siver to create Mulroney Siver Law. [25] He could repeat only, "I had no option." It was around this time that Mulroney also cultivated friendships with the Tory premier of Nova Scotia, Robert Stanfield, and his chief adviser Dalton Camp. In 2003, the party merged with Reform's successor, the Canadian Alliance, to create today's Conservative Party of Canada. [18] A New York Times article from 1984, argued that Mulroney was elected from "the right-wing elements" within the party. Creator: David Weil. This distinguished him from other prominent PC politicians, such as former prime ministers Joe Clark and Kim Campbell, who became independents as they believed that the Conservative Party was too right-wing and drifting towards social conservatism. READ MORE. [27] Mulroney included a large number of Westerners in his Cabinet (including Clark as minister of external affairs). Mulroney famously responded: You had an option, sir. Mulroney's government appointed two Quebec bodies (the Allaire Committee and the Belanger-Campeau Committee) and two national bodies (the Beaudoin-Edwards Committee and the Spicer Commission) to engage in discussions regarding constitutional reform. In his final days in office, Trudeau had controversially appointed a flurry of Senators, judges, and executives on various governmental and crown corporation boards, widely seen as a way to offer 'plum jobs' to loyal members of the Liberal Party. The conferences led to another federal report titled A Renewed Canada. "Abortion law passes by nine votes amid protests." Peggy Curran. What changed? Mulroney and provincial rival Claude Wagner were both seen as potentially able to improve the party's standing in Quebec, which had supported the federal Liberals for decades. A strong advocate for nurturing future generations of leaders, Mr. Mulroney spearheaded the largest fundraising campaign in the history of StFX to establish the Brian Mulroney Institute of Government and an undergraduate program in Public Policy and Governance. The guy was sneaking into hotel rooms and the campaign bus"; he also said it was "the most incompetent campaign I've seen in my life. This accord abolished the National Energy Program, which was a policy of Trudeau's Liberal government that was highly unpopular in the Western provinces. One such issue was the relationship between the province of Quebec and the rest of the country. [28] Mulroney also received death threats for exerting pressure on Manitoba over French language rights. Mulroney (surname) Brian (given name) Martin (given name) Companions of the Order of Canada Grand Officers of the National Order of Quebec Honorary doctors of Universit Laval Commanders of the Legion of Honour Leaders of the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada Alumni of St. Francis Xavier University Alumni of Universit Laval Births in Quebec At the same time, the Bank of Canada began to raise interest rates in order to meet a zero inflation target; the experiment was regarded as a failure that exacerbated the effect of the recession in Canada. The first Conservative majority victory in 26 yearsand only the second in 54 yearsinitially seemed to give Mulroney a very formidable position. He has been married 45 years and has four children, one of . Many observers believe that at this point, Mulroney assured himself of becoming prime minister.[25]. Martin Brian Mulroney PC CC GOQ (/ m l r u n i / muul-ROO-nee; born March 20, 1939) is a Canadian lawyer, businessman, and politician who served as the 18th prime minister of Canada from 1984 to 1993.. Born in the eastern Quebec city of Baie-Comeau, Mulroney studied political science and law.He then moved to Montreal and gained prominence as a labour lawyer. Jon Charles Joseph", "History Through Our Eyes: March 17, 1985, the Shamrock Summit", "REAGAN, MULRONEY ENJOYED A RARE PERSONAL BOND", "How Canada became first in West to recognize Ukraine's independence", "How Brian Mulroney spearheaded Canadian push to end apartheid in South Africa and free Nelson Mandela", "Brian Mulroney and Stephen Lewis on principled leadership in foreign affairs", "Royal Commission on Economic Union and Development Prospects for Canada", "Canadian Leader Mulroney Quits After 8 Years", "Controversial Mulroney Tour Costs Canadian Taxpayers", "1993 Canadian Federal Election Results (Detail)", "Brian Mulroney joins board of directors of New York-based pot company | CTV News", "Mulroney-Harper alliance bad news for Canada's workers", "Mulroney would've helped "old friends" in Iraq war", "Pancreatitis keeps Mulroney in hospital", "Video of Brian Mulroney's speech to the Press Gallery Dinner", "Pladeau's political exit raises questions for Quebecor", "Government of Canada website Oliphant Commission p. 54", "Mulroney deserved libel settlement: spokesman", Ignatieff has 'no moral compass,' PM says, Tories, Mulroney in tiff over party membership, "Brian Mulroney shelves criticism of PM Harper in rare stump speech", Mulroney campaigns for O'Toole in Quebec, comparing now to time before 1984 win, "O'Toole should show 'leadership' and show unvaccinated Conservative MPs the door: Former PM Mulroney", "Mulroney backing Conservatives' Poilievre, but cautions he won't win going 'extreme right', "Mulroney slams Trudeau as lacking moral fibre to lead", "National Post: Repairing Trudeau's mistakes", Reuters: Mulroney lashes Trudeau, calls him a coward, "Brian Mulroney: From scandal-adjacent elitist to magnanimous statesman Macleans.ca", "Mulroney praised for his green record as PM", "Michel Gauthier se joint aux conservateurs", "$100-million Brian Mulroney Institute of Government opens at former prime minister's alma mater St. Francis Xavier", "The Governor General of Canada > Find a Recipient", "Brian Mulroney Ordre national du Qubec", "Commemorative Medals of The Queen's Reign in Canada", "Embassy of Ukraine in Canada Publications", "Investiture Ceremony for the Right Honourable Brian Mulroney, PC, CC, GOQ", "Brian Mulroney honoured with the order of the companions of or tambo in south africa", "Honorary graduates of memorial University of Newfoundland 1960-Present", "Honorary Degrees Awarded (Alphabetical Order) | Johns Hopkins University Commencement", "Honorary Degree Citation Brian Mulroney | Concordia University Archives", "The University of Western Ontario: Honorary Degrees Awarded, 1881 present", "M. 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