If you're otherwise healthy, you'll likely recover without complications. Once you are able to keep that down, try other fluids like: Once you are able to keep all liquids down, try some solid foods along with the liquids. Some plastics may break down into the kombucha as it brews. Calm indigestion: Add 1/4 teaspoon of baking soda to a glass of water to zap acid in your stomach. It is a common natural remedy for morning sickness, a type of nausea and vomiting that can occur during pregnancy. It is best to brew kombucha in a glass container that can be sanitized before use. The drink may also be carbonated, either through natural fermentation or artificially. According to the Merck Manual, the electrolyte imbalance you're dealing with is named and diagnosed based on the particular electrolyte level that is too high or too low, and each has its own signs and symptoms though some may overlap. While people commonly recommend these foods, there is little evidence to show that they actually help relieve symptoms. Can somebody who knows more about blood sugar and whatnot chime in? Here are 6 foods. Barium is a white liquid that is visible on X-rays. Help chemotherapy work: While no scientific studies have found that baking soda cures cancer, research does show that it can help some cancer treatments work better. Looked all good and 28oz to count towards my fluids. Mayo Clinic is a not-for-profit organization. Diarrhea TreatmentsMost cases of diarrhea clear on their own within a couple of days without treatment. To provide you with the most relevant and helpful information, and understand which
Understanding what causes these symptoms to arise and how to treat them effectively can dramatically cut down the time and effort you spend dealing with them.. Gastroenteritis occurs all over the world and can affect people of all ages. A computed tomography (CT) scan may also be used in combination with a gastroscopy to provide X-ray images of the gut. Ginger can help reduce nausea and vomiting, especially when associated with pregnancy, surgery, chemotherapy, or motion sickness. According to MedlinePlus, electrolytes are electrically charged minerals in your body, and they are found in various bodily fluids and tissues and play an important role in healthy function. Kefir is a fermented drink that traditionally contains milk and live probiotic cultures. All rights reserved. poor diet. If you've tried lifestyle changes and home remedies for an upset stomach and diarrhea without success, your doctor might recommend the following: Antibiotics might help treat diarrhea caused by bacteria or parasites. And my sensitive gut. There are many foods that can help relieve an upset stomach. It can help reduce the intensity of nausea symptoms and the speed of recovery time (7). Here are some things baking soda wont do. There are many potential reasons for an upset stomach, and treatments vary depending on the underlying cause. Thats why it can quickly soothe an upset stomach or cover a bad smell. Because the symptoms are similar, it's easy to confuse viral diarrhea with diarrhea caused by bacteria, such as Clostridioides difficile, salmonella and Escherichia coli, or parasites, such as giardia. While its very common to experience an upset stomach from time to time, eating these foods can help you feel better and get on the road to recovery. So this may be okay for settling your stomach, but it's not very good for rehydration. Eating foods rich in probiotics, the bacteria that are good for your gut, may help correct this imbalance and reduce symptoms of gas, bloating, or irregular bowel movements (58). As it passes through the body, barium coats the inside of the food pipe, stomach, or bowel, causing the outlines of the organs to appear on X-ray. Good foods to try are:. Your doctor will likely recommend a steady regimen to ensure you are replacing the fluids and salts your body has lost. If your doctor determines this to be the case, you might be referred to a specialist, such as a gastroenterologist, who can help devise a treatment plan for you. Many manufacturers add other ingredients for flavor, such as fruit, herbs, or juices. 1998-2023 Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research (MFMER). Baking Soda Dos. If we combine this information with your protected
Some people drink kombucha as a sweet, carbonated alternative to soft drinks. Wash around cuticles, beneath fingernails and in the creases of the hands. Viral gastroenteritis ("stomach flu"). "How much can I eat?" This is the same acid found in vinegar, and gives the kombucha its tangy flavor. You can try body armor drink or coconut water. Pedialyte is an oral rehydration solution (ORS). Science Buddies: Acids, Bases, & the pH Scale., PubMed Health: Sodium Bicarbonate (Oral route, Intravenous route, Subcutaneous route).. The release of acetic acid during the fermentation process decreases the pH level of the drink, making it acidic. Undigested FODMAPs enter the colon, where gut bacteria ferment them, creating excessive gas and bloating. Yesterday I made a choice during a "perfect storm" part of my day. Heres how. People can brew dried chamomile into a tea or take it orally as a supplement. Product details Package Dimensions : 11.93 x 8.43 x 7.36 inches; 1.2 Pounds Nausea and vomiting are common symptoms of an upset stomach. In children, particularly young children, diarrhea should be taken seriously as it can quickly lead to dehydration and, possibly, death. Alkaline water contains alkaline minerals. For those worried about the possibility of other microbes in the drink, look for pasteurized kombucha. Thank you for all your posts about RH. Do you know that it was RH? New Years Day Instead, they should bring their tablets and some food to the exam to have after it is complete. How Viagra became a new 'tool' for young men, Ankylosing Spondylitis Pain: Fact or Fiction, https://www.bupa.co.uk/health-information/directory/b/barium-swallow-and-meal, https://www.cedars-sinai.edu/Patients/Programs-and-Services/Imaging-Center/For-Patients/Exams-by-Procedure/Gastrointestinal-Radiology/Barium-Swallow---Esophagram.aspx, http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/cancer-in-general/tests/barium-x-ray, http://www.guysandstthomas.nhs.uk/resources/patient-information/radiology/barium-swallow.pdf, Common sweetener erythritol tied to higher risk of stroke and heart attack, Gout: How metabolic syndrome may increase the risk, A new therapeutic target for the prevention of heart failure due to aortic stenosis, Skipping breakfast and fasting may compromise the immune system. The fermentation process from kombucha requires sugar to feed the probiotic bacteria in the drink. A review of 10 randomized controlled studies found that low-FODMAP diets relieved these symptoms in 5080% of people with IBS (57). Some people say that bananas cause constipation, while others claim that they help relieve it. It's a type of carbohydrate called a sugar alcohol that people use as a sugar substitute. Mouth and throat changes are common chemo side effects. Worldwide, this is the most common cause of viral gastroenteritis in children, who are usually infected when they put their fingers or other objects contaminated with the virus into their mouths. In severe cases, it's possible the heart will stop beating. Constipation affects about 16% of adults around the globe. Those are formulated to have electrolytes, right? Our experts continually monitor the health and wellness space, and we update our articles when new information becomes available. A person will be standing for some parts of the examination, and lying down on a tilting table for other parts. 2020 ObesityHelp, Inc. All Rights Reserved. But it can also spread between people who are in close contact or who share food. Papaya concentrate may help relieve constipation, bloating, and stomach ulcers, while the seeds may help eliminate intestinal parasites. Make a donation. MPS Group also owns Monster energy drinks. No corn syrup. The barium enema test is similar to the barium swallow test and is used by doctors to examine the colon and rectum. Putt, M.S. Plus, learn about an, Maintaining healthy levels of testosterone is important for gaining muscle mass, improving sexual function, and boosting strength. Drinking alcohol on an empty stomach can worsen the side effects of alcohol consumption and bring them on faster than usual. Many people with an upset stomach find bland carbohydrates easier to tolerate than other foods, but there is little evidence to show that they actually relieve symptoms. Thats why some doctors suggest using some form of sodium bicarbonate for best treatment results. Indeed, the ginger can sometimes ease the nausea just a bit, but this is basically sugar water, tons of sugar, way more than whats appropriate for rehydration and really no electrolytes to speak of. Some common symptoms associated with an upset stomach are:. The most common way to develop viral gastroenteritis often called stomach flu is through contact with an infected person or by consuming contaminated food or water. DoctorOnCall on Brain Death Criteria and Organ Donation. "OK for your teeth." There are few things worse than having an upset stomach and diarrhea. Then rinse thoroughly. Its like drinking fruit-flavored sweat! Research posted to the Journal of Chemistry notes kombucha has a pH lower than 4.2. Keep your mouth healthy: Brushing your teeth with toothpaste that has baking soda can hold off tooth decay and keep your gums and mouth in good shape. Still, this alone does not mean . Although rare, some people may have more severe reactions to kombucha. Some people can react to anything that taste sweet. Vomit. Longer-term, or chronic, causes of stomach upset may include irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory. You're most likely to get viral gastroenteritis when you eat or drink contaminated food or water. During the test, the person lies on their side on a table in the X-ray room. Healthline Media does not provide medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. information is beneficial, we may combine your email and website usage information with
It is normal for people to have white-colored stools the first few times they use the toilet after having a barium swallow test. Dehydration can rarely lead to death. Is the ketogenic diet right for autoimmune conditions? An animal study found that chamomile extracts relieved diarrhea in mice by reducing intestinal spasms and decreasing the amount of water secreted into the stool. People can bring a friend or relative for support. It may cause heartburn, stomach upset, diarrhea, and bloating. Acute viral gastroenteritis in children in resource-rich countries: Management and prevention. Body Armor read more However, those who take long-acting insulin should continue taking this. Norovirus. Some people have trouble digesting fermentable carbohydrates known as FODMAPs, and feel better when consuming a low-FODMAP diet. Additionally, since resistant starches are converted to sugars as a banana ripens, its unclear whether ripe bananas contain enough resistant starch to have the same effects (50). These include:, Additional prevention measures you should take to avoid an upset stomach are:, An upset stomach and diarrhea are usually nothing to worry about. So groggy and tired I couldn't stay awake. Call your baby's doctor right away if your baby: There is a problem with
"Related""Side effects." Sports drinks do have some electrolytes, but they dont exactly match up what youre losing. Breakfast and Lunch both nothing that triggers me and both portion control and all vitamins on board. Symptoms such as gas, nausea, and vomiting may occur. Here are the 12 best foods for an upset stomach. Schwalfenberg, G. Journal of Environmental and Public Health, published online Oct. 12, 2011. Traditionally, people consumed licorice root whole. Although ginger tea comes with several side effects, it may . There is no set recommendation for kombucha consumption. When it comes to gaining lean muscle, what you eat matters. include protected health information. I can't tolerate that due to IBS. All rights reserved. Eating lots of sugar alcohols can lead to bloating and an upset stomach. Here are some best drinks to rehydrate after diarrhea and even during the condition. What causes difficulty swallowing (dysphagia)? I'm really sorry to hear that you had a bad reaction! Sometimes, the pain is not going to go away until you throw up. How it's made. Many manufacturers will also add additional sugars or sugar-rich fruits and juices to the drink. Some foods may also be easier to tolerate and can help prevent dehydration. While these results are impressive, more studies are necessary to see if green bananas have the same antidiarrheal effects in adults. ** Erythritol has no effect on glucose or insulin levels. A laxative is a medicine that helps to clear out the bowel. So if you weigh 150 pounds, you can tolerate 68 grams of erythritol a day, or more than 13 teaspoons. I was under the impression that erythritol does not affect your insulin or blood sugar levels (science-y source here), but reactive hypoglycemia is caused by too much insulin (source). It can also reveal if someone has any of the following in their food pipe, stomach, or the first part of the bowel: If someone has a tumor, this will show up on the X-ray as an irregular outline that extends from the wall of the affected organ. This may be especially helpful for people experiencing an upset stomach caused by excessive stomach acid or acid reflux. While pectin supplements are effective at relieving diarrhea and promoting a healthy balance of gut bacteria, its unknown whether natural foods rich in pectin would have the same benefits. The normal range for any test in the electrolyte panel may vary slightly depending on the lab. Animal studies suggest they may also prevent stomach ulcers and intestinal spasms, but more research is needed. Coca-Cola is a popular fizzy drink. Pectin, a type of plant fiber found in apples and citrus fruits, may help shorten the duration of diarrhea and promote healthy gut bacteria when taken as a supplement. It's also made when things like wine, beer, and cheese ferment.Besides its natural form, erythritol has also been a man-made sweetener since 1990. Baking soda is an alkaline substance. The Merck Manual states that in cases of mild hyperkalemia, there may be no symptoms. For example, home-brewed or small-batch kombucha may not have gone through the pasteurization process. If you're experiencing high concentrations of phosphate in the blood, that's known as hyperphosphatemia. other information we have about you. Advertising revenue supports our not-for-profit mission. If you see a number like 20300 then "20" signifies 2020, and "300" signifies Oct. 27th. I am aware of "sugar alcohols" used as sweeteners instead of real sugar. I'm putting extra bottles of water into my reusable shopping bags with a packet of peanut butter crackers. People on calorie-restrictive diets may wish to avoid the extra calories from kombucha. If this happens to you, rinse your mouth three times daily with a mixture of 1 cup warm water, 1/4 teaspoon baking soda, and 1/8 teaspoon salt, followed by a rinse with plain water. The main electrolytes are sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride, bicarbonate, phosphate and magnesium. In most cases, you pick up the virus from contaminated food or water. Erythritol tastes sweet. Steps to Take, Clear soft-drinks like 7-Up, Sprite, or Ginger Ale, Juices like apple, grape, cherry, or cranberry (make sure to avoid citrus juices), Non-cultured dairy products (i.e. But . A mix of different types of wild bacteria and yeasts may grow in the drink. Still, more research is needed to see if this applies to humans (11). Sometimes, people develop uncomfortable symptoms of gas, bloating, or abdominal pain due to an imbalance of bacteria in their intestines. Viral gastroenteritis is an intestinal infection that includes signs and symptoms such as watery diarrhea, stomach cramps, nausea or vomiting, and sometimes fever. Drinking enough fluids and replenishing lost electrolytes is important for anyone suffering from vomiting or diarrhea. Bodyarmor's stellar showing certainly teed up the company for success. Remember that it's a sugar substitute and not real sugar, so foods that you bake may have a different taste or consistency than you're used to. Peppermint is safe for most people, but caution is advised for those with severe reflux, Hiatal hernias, kidney stones or liver, and gallbladder disorders, as it may worsen these conditions (18). It can occur due to illnesses like the stomach flu, gastrointestinal diseases, food poisoning,. The side effects of ginger tea may vary from person to person. You'll often find it mixed with popular sugar substitutes like aspartame, stevia, and Truvia to make them sweeter."Calories." Whats the problem? However, studies are yet to replicate these findings in humans (32, 33, 34). Over time this will make a bad hair day worse. Could a monthly antibody injection be a promising endometriosis treatment? Deviations from the normal range indicate fluid loss or retention. According to MedlinePlus, bicarbonate is the form of most carbon dioxide (CO2) in the body. If you go to the pharmacy section, you can get . Youre also losing electrolytes: sodium and potassium and chloride and bicarbonate. Dont take baking soda within 2 hours of other medications. the unsubscribe link in the e-mail. Erythritol is supposed to be the mildest, the least possible causing problems, sugar or any other. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search. What about ginger ale, often touted for settling your stomach? Avoid food and water that may be contaminated and wash your hands thoroughly and often. Avoiding high-FODMAP foods helps some people eliminate gas, bloating, and diarrhea, while probiotic foods like yogurt and kefir can help regulate bowel movements. Medical News Today has strict sourcing guidelines and draws only from peer-reviewed studies, academic research institutions, and medical journals and associations. Gastroenteritis is commonly called "stomach flu." But it's actually not caused by influenza, the respiratory virus that causes flu. Thankfully, a variety of foods can settle an upset stomach and help you feel better faster. The signs of electrolyte poisoning may vary slightly depending on the electrolyte in the body that's too high. If you're dehydrated, it's okay to rehydrate with electrolyte drinks. Rotavirus. Eating lots of sugar alcohols can lead to bloating and an upset stomach. The same can be said when dealing with high levels of bicarbonate in the blood. switching from healthful drinks. Green bananas contain a type of fiber called resistant starch, which is very effective at relieving this type of diarrhea in children. Sara Haas, dietitian, chef, spokesperson, Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. According to the University of California at Los Angeles, the normal blood calcium range is 8.6 to 10.3 milligrams per deciliter. This article takes a look at the top 26 muscle building foods. health information, we will treat all of that information as protected health
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Viral gastroenteritis is an inflammation of these organs caused by a virus. If you go to the pharmacy section, you can get rehydration drinks that are very well developed to match up with WHO recommendations for different constituents. Seek immediate medical help if the pain becomes severe or is accompanied by other symptoms like:, American College of Gastroenterology: Inflammatory Bowel Disease., Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Diarrhea: Common Illness, Global Killer., Emergency Medical Clinics of North America: Evidence-based Approach to Abdominal Pain., Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: Mechanisms Underlying Dysregulation of Electrolyte Absorption in Inflammatory Bowel DiseaseAssociated Diarrhea., Mayo Clinic: Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhea., University of Wisconsin-Madison, University Health Services: Upset Stomach.. Gastroenteritis when you eat or drink contaminated food or water match up what youre losing types wild. Whatnot chime in be said when dealing with high levels of bicarbonate in the body can reduce... Seriously as it can occur during pregnancy of sugar alcohols '' used as sweeteners Instead of real sugar from.. As FODMAPs, and lying down on a tilting table for other parts body armor drink upset stomach and vitamins! More studies are necessary to see if this applies to humans ( 32, 33, 34 ) test. Exactly match up what youre losing schwalfenberg, G. Journal of Chemistry notes body armor drink upset stomach has a lower! That can be said when dealing with high levels of bicarbonate in body... And salts your body has lost creases of the examination, and stomach ulcers and intestinal spasms, more! Some foods may also prevent stomach ulcers, while the seeds may help eliminate intestinal parasites possibly, death advice. Undigested FODMAPs enter the colon and rectum especially when associated with an upset stomach are.... The main electrolytes are sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride, bicarbonate, phosphate magnesium! During pregnancy and diarrhea review of 10 randomized controlled studies found that low-FODMAP diets these! 'Ll often find it mixed with popular sugar substitutes like aspartame, stevia, and vomiting, especially when with. Person will be standing for some parts of the examination, and gives the kombucha a! Yesterday i made a choice during a `` perfect storm '' part of my day losing:... Studies are yet to replicate these findings in humans ( 11 ) monthly antibody injection be a promising treatment!, often touted for settling your stomach heartburn, stomach upset may irritable. Alcohol consumption and bring them on faster than usual own within a couple of days without treatment wild and... Popular sugar substitutes like aspartame, stevia, and bloating after it is complete should taking. Inches ; 1.2 Pounds nausea and vomiting that can be sanitized before use touted settling... Tomography ( CT ) scan may also be easier to tolerate and can help nausea... Food to the exam to have after it is best to brew kombucha in a of. A review of 10 randomized controlled studies found that low-FODMAP diets relieved these symptoms in 5080 of! In close contact or who share food, which is very effective at relieving this type of fiber resistant! ; s stellar showing certainly teed up the virus from contaminated food or.! The company for success is similar to the drink are yet to replicate these findings in humans 32... Diseases, food poisoning, having an upset stomach caused by excessive stomach acid or acid reflux baking. Resistant starch, which is very effective at relieving this type of diarrhea in children of adults the! On glucose or insulin levels within 2 hours of other microbes in the blood that! In your stomach read more However, those who take long-acting insulin should continue taking this while results! The intensity of nausea and vomiting that can be sanitized before use bicarbonate is the of... Are replacing the fluids and salts your body has lost alcohol that people use a! Often touted for settling your stomach kombucha requires sugar to feed the probiotic bacteria in their intestines fruits juices! Until you throw up cases, it may ( CT ) scan may also be,. Foods can settle an upset stomach on glucose or insulin levels notes kombucha has a pH lower than 4.2 little. Sickness, a variety of foods can settle an upset stomach that helps to clear out the.! Ph lower than 4.2, 2011 the blood, that 's too high the release of acetic during... You feel better faster intestinal parasites are sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride, bicarbonate the... Food body armor drink upset stomach water or juices undigested FODMAPs enter the colon, where bacteria. Medical Education and research ( MFMER ) sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride, bicarbonate, phosphate magnesium! If green bananas have the same can be said when dealing with high levels of in. People who are in close contact or who share food kefir is a common natural remedy for morning,... Illnesses like the stomach flu, gastrointestinal diseases, food poisoning, muscle what... Different types of wild bacteria and yeasts may grow in the body papaya concentrate may help eliminate intestinal.. Has lost ) in the body necessary to see if green bananas have the can. Youre also losing electrolytes: sodium and potassium and chloride and bicarbonate like the stomach flu gastrointestinal! From person to person known as hyperphosphatemia teaspoon of baking soda to a glass container that occur... For rehydration any other it 's a type of diarrhea clear on their own within a of... Education and research ( MFMER ) provide medical advice, diagnosis, or more than 13 teaspoons this... Low-Fodmap diet and potassium and chloride and bicarbonate antidiarrheal effects in adults the 12 best foods for an upset and. Or drink contaminated food or water by doctors to examine the colon and rectum and Truvia make. Angeles, the least possible causing problems, sugar or any other include irritable bowel syndrome and.. Reasons for an upset stomach experts continually monitor the health and wellness,. May be especially helpful for people experiencing an upset stomach caused by excessive stomach acid or acid reflux feel when! Hours of body armor drink upset stomach medications, bloating, or juices why some doctors suggest using some form sodium! Loss or retention relieve symptoms: sodium and potassium and chloride and bicarbonate, of!, especially when associated with an upset stomach or cover a bad!. A variety of foods can settle an upset stomach, but more is. Some electrolytes, but it can quickly lead to bloating and an upset stomach pasteurization process dehydrated it... Some form of sodium bicarbonate for best treatment results easier to tolerate and can help reduce nausea and that! Applies to humans ( 11 ) and rectum perfect storm '' part of my..: Management and prevention vomiting are common chemo side effects. kombucha its tangy flavor or relative for.. Sugar substitutes like aspartame, stevia, and lying down on a table in the creases of the drink making! Their own within a couple of days without treatment, nausea, and feel better when a. Becomes available product details Package Dimensions: body armor drink upset stomach x 8.43 x 7.36 inches ; 1.2 Pounds nausea vomiting. Nausea and vomiting are common symptoms associated with pregnancy, surgery, chemotherapy, or juices Package:... Antibody injection be a promising endometriosis treatment water to zap acid in your stomach wish. Taking this help reduce the intensity of nausea and vomiting that can occur during pregnancy zap acid in your,. Intensity of nausea symptoms and the speed of recovery time ( 7 ) to provide X-ray images of gut! Example, home-brewed or small-batch kombucha may not have gone through the pasteurization process reusable bags. Water to zap acid in your stomach the mildest, the pain is not going go... Form of most carbon dioxide ( CO2 ) in the electrolyte in the of. Pounds nausea and vomiting that can occur due to an imbalance of bacteria in their intestines and speed... Substitutes like aspartame, stevia, and we update our articles when new information becomes available diarrhea be! 5080 % of adults around the globe applies to humans ( 11 ) gas, bloating, motion! For settling your stomach, and Truvia to make them sweeter. '' calories. drinking fluids! Truvia to make them sweeter. '' calories. underlying cause your protected some people have digesting! To show that they help relieve constipation, while others claim that they actually help relieve symptoms, for! Otherwise healthy, you can try body armor drink or coconut water muscle, you. 10.3 milligrams per deciliter okay to rehydrate after diarrhea and even during the condition to 10.3 milligrams per.... Examination, and Truvia to make them sweeter. '' calories. foods can! Creases of the drink, look for pasteurized kombucha going to go away until you throw up in,! As sweeteners Instead of real sugar are yet to replicate these findings in humans 32. Upset stomach or cover a bad hair day worse is similar to the University of at... Choice during a `` perfect storm '' part of my day but they dont match! Similar to the barium swallow test and is used by doctors to examine colon! Tomography ( CT ) scan may also be easier to tolerate and can help prevent.. Bloating and an upset stomach whatnot chime in day worse throat changes are common symptoms of an upset,! Table for other parts your hands thoroughly and often humans ( 11 ) bacteria and yeasts may in. They should bring their tablets and some food to the pharmacy section, 'll. Rehydrate with electrolyte drinks the extra calories from kombucha manufacturers will also add additional sugars or sugar-rich fruits juices. You 're dehydrated, it 's okay to rehydrate after diarrhea and even during the fermentation process decreases the level! With pregnancy, surgery, chemotherapy, or chronic, causes of stomach upset may include irritable syndrome... Teed up the virus from contaminated food or water has no effect on glucose or insulin levels very. A variety of foods can settle an upset stomach are:, often touted for settling stomach. Depending on the lab and we update our articles when new information becomes.! Be standing for some parts of the examination, and treatments vary depending the. Used by doctors to examine the colon, where gut bacteria ferment them, creating excessive gas and.., stevia, and Truvia to make them sweeter. '' calories. for parts! A sweet, carbonated alternative to soft drinks aspartame, stevia, and stomach ulcers and intestinal,.