) income models are the following: How is residual income measured, and how can an analyst use residual income in valuation? Privacy Settings, Due to site maintenance, login and password-protected pages will be unavailable from Mar 3, 2023, 5:00:00 PM ET through Mar 3, 2023, 8:00:00 PM ET. a charge (deduction) for common shareholders opportunity cost in generating net income. Know how to calculate residual income with examples. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Consistency with the decision authority of the manager and reflection of results that improve the organization are two considerations when developing ______ measures., Divisional income statements ______. Residual income may be passive income but passive income isn't necessarily residual. The objective for making inflationary adjustments must be to prevent distortions in the evaluation of investment center performance. What are some of the advantages of e-business? Residual income is an appealing economic concept because it attempts to measure economic profit, which are profits after accounting for all opportunity costs of capital. + This will enable all assets to be measured and depreciated at the same units that represent the current years purchasing power. Residual income is not free money. profit, abnormal earnings, or economic value added. As far back as the 1920s, General Hence, it requires some adjustment to eliminate such inflationary effects in order managers to make new investments in their divisions. One of the disadvantages of residual income is that income received for initial efforts or investments is not immediately received. 0 Functional cookies, which are necessary for basic site functionality like keeping you logged in, are always enabled. 0 Briefly explain the common transfer pricing policies used by organizations. Strengths of the residual income model include: Weaknesses of the residual income model include: Residual income models are most appropriate when: Residual income models are not appropriate when: Additional features are available if you log in, 2021 Level I Corporate Finance Full Videos, 2021 Level I Portfolio Management Full Videos, 2021 Level I Quantitative Methods Full Videos, LM01 Categories, Characteristics, and Compensation Structures of Alternative Investments, LM01 Derivative Instrument and Derivative Market Features, LM01 Ethics and Trust in the Investment Profession, LM01 Fixed-Income Securities: Defining Elements, LM01 Introduction to Financial Statement Analysis, LM01 Topics in Demand and Supply Analysis, LM02 Code of Ethics and Standards of Professional Conduct Profession, LM02 Fixed Income Markets - Issuance Trading and Funding, LM02 Forward Commitment and Contingent Claim Features and Instruments, LM02 Introduction to Corporate Governance and Other ESG Considerations, LM02 Organizing, Visualizing, and Describing Data, LM02 Performance Calculation and Appraisal of Alternative Investments, LM03 Aggregate Output, Prices and Economic Growth, LM03 Derivative Benefits, Risks, and Issuer and Investor Uses, LM03 Introduction to Fixed Income Valuation, LM03 Private Capital, Real Estate, Infrastructure, Natural Resources, and Hedge Funds, LM04 An Introduction to Asset-Backed Securities, LM04 Arbitrage, Replication, and the Cost of Carry in Pricing Derivatives, LM04 Basics of Portfolio Planning and Construction, LM04 Introduction to the Global Investment Performance Standards (GIPS), LM05 Introduction to Industry and Company Analysis, LM05 Pricing and Valuation of Forward Contracts and for an Underlying with Varying Maturities, LM05 The Behavioral Biases of Individuals, LM05 Understanding Fixed-Income Risk and Return, LM06 Equity Valuation: Concepts and Basic Tools, LM06 Pricing and Valuation of Futures Contracts, LM07 International Trade and Capital Flows, LM07 Pricing and Valuation of Interest Rates and Other Swaps, LM09 Option Replication Using PutCall Parity, LM10 Valuing a Derivative Using a One-Period Binomial Model, LM12 Applications of Financial Statement Analysis, CFA Institute does not endorse, promote, or warrant the accuracy or quality of the products or services offered by IFT. T It is also considered the company's net operating income or the amount of profit that exceeds its required rate of return. Conceptually, residual income is net income less It has one rate. + Value0 = BVE0 + [((ROE - rce)/(rce - g)) BVE0]. T What are the advantages and disadvantages of the residual policy? Clean surplus refers to the allowance of certain items to bypass the income statement and move directly to equity. Explain in detail the disadvantages of using Cost-Volume-Profit Analysis. c. How does EVA differ from the general definition of residual income? In such a situation, measuring performance by RI would not result in dysfunctional behaviour, i.e. It has the following advantages: This model is very simple to use. Asset valuation is the process of determining the fairmarket valueof assets. You can find out more about our use, change your default settings, and withdraw your consent at any time with effect for the future by visiting Cookies Settings, which can also be found in the footer of the site. = expected per-share book value of equity at any time t, r = required rate of return on equity (cost of equity), Et Index methods general or specific will provide a good basis for making adjustments for inflation. Explain how profits or losses will be magnified for a firm wi. growth rates? 1 In the residual income model, the equivalent mathematical expressions for It can be used to value non-dividend paying companies. A company can have positive net income but What are the advantages and disadvantages of off-balance-sheet hedging in comparison to on-balance-sheet hedging? Due to the above reason, the net income does not represent the companys economic profit. Residual income is also a valuation method for estimating the intrinsic value of a company's common stock. RI r t Are there any potential disadvantages of this approach? (all that apply) may ignore income taxes must be prepared using GAAP are internal performance measures may use firmwide . Similarly, companies can slash their dividends and tenants can move out of rental units, which can decrease passive income. Along with the discounted cash flow (DCF) model, residual income valuation is one of the most recognized valuation approaches in the industry. Equity Investments. How does EVA give a company, a more accurate picture of its profitability, than does profit margin? The accounting data that the model is based on is subject to manipulation. With earned income, you get a certain amount for your services up front so you don't have to worry about future earnings. In personal finance, it means the level of income that an individual has after all his deductions. Learn more in our, Ethics for the Investment Management Profession, Code of Ethics and Standards of Professional Conduct. RI models use readily available accounting data. You would expect larger divisions to have more residual income than smaller divisions, not necessarily because they are better managed but simply because they are bigger. ( 2022. has received renewed attention and interest, sometimes under names such as economic In credit scoring, what are the advantages and disadvantages of machine learning relative to traditional regression techniques? 1 1 "nsan kaynaklar ynetimi uygulamalar KOB'lerde ne derece uygulanmaktadr" ve "KOB'lerin insan kaynaklar uygulamalarnn temel nclleri nelerdir" eklindeki aratrma problemlerine sahip olan almada; koul-bamllk kuramnn byklk, teknoloji, evre ve strateji etmenlerinin; kaynak bamll kuram erevesinde KOB'lerin . 1 The residual income approach is most appropriate when: When there is a significant degree of doubt in forecasting terminal values, it would be most appropriate to use the residual income approach because the terminal value does not constitute a large portion of the intrinsic value. T The calculation of residual income is as follows: Residual income = operating income - (minimum required return x operating assets). Is complicated to explain. Maybe the income from some tax-exempt municipal bonds is not taxed. B Share repurchase announcements are followed by positive returns from the announcement date and Read More, Expansion Projects An expansion project is a capital project that involves a company Read More, Completeness, unbiased measurement, and clear presentation indicate high financial reporting quality of the Read More, Credit spreads vary across industrial sectors. B t Sell your stuff: In the broadest sense, residual income can be any side gig that adds to your income outside your regular job. Content Filtrations 6. eBay is good for cleaning out your closet and making money at the same time. (describe each method, briefly) c. What are the five categories of financial ratios? Managerial accounting defines residual income for a company as the amount of leftover operating profit after paying all costs of capital used to generate the revenues. The accounting data may need adjustments. (DCF) and residual operating income (ROPI) models. What is customer profitability analysis? In making these adjustments it is important to use an objective method such as indexing. of equity capital. b.In what two ways can we use financial ratios? + value of a share of stock is, V Basic RIt = Earningst - (rce * Book Value of Equity t-1). = expected per-share residual income, equal to Et Residual income is a measure used as part ofdivisional performance management for investment centres. = It can be used to value companies with no positive expected near-term free cash flows. The residual income valuation model values a company as the sum of book value and the present value of expected future residual income. + Choose a particular type of industry and explain why it would benef. The value of a companys stock equals the present value of future residual incomes discounted at the appropriate cost of equity. t CFA Program Therefore, the value of a company calculated using the residual income valuation is generally more accurate since it is based on the economic profits of a company. \\ a. Structured Query Language (known as SQL) is a programming language used to interact with a database. Excel Fundamentals - Formulas for Finance, Certified Banking & Credit Analyst (CBCA), Business Intelligence & Data Analyst (BIDA), Financial Planning & Wealth Management Professional (FPWM), Commercial Real Estate Finance Specialization, Environmental, Social & Governance Specialization, Financial Modeling & Valuation Analyst (FMVA), Business Intelligence & Data Analyst (BIDA), Financial Planning & Wealth Management Professional (FPWM). + Read the Privacy Policy to learn how this information is used. Imperfections in the capital market make it rare for a company to follow a pure residual dividend policy. Disclaimer: GARP does not endorse, promote, review, or warrant the accuracy of the products or services offered by AnalystPrep of FRM-related information, nor does it endorse any pass rates claimed by the provider. Why is it so frequently used? Etsy is great for creative types who want to monetize a hobby. RI and DDM tend to produce a similar valuation, however there is a key difference - by starting with the current book value of equity, RI front loads value recognition in a multi-period model. What Are the Different Types? Describe two advantages and two disadvantages of age-weighting historical returns when implementing historical simulation to VaR estimation. 1 a. 0 Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of fair value accounting. Residual income is calculated as net income less a charge for the cost of capital. d. Provides a measure if liquidity. All other trademarks and copyrights are the property of their respective owners. Learn residual income definition and residual income formula. r Residual income is often referred to as passive income. approach? Investing is allocating resources, usually money, with the expectation of earning an income or profit. One way of trying to solve the problem of dysfunctional decision making, especially with ageing assets is to use annuity depreciation. 0 When clean surplus is violated the book value of equity may be accurate, net income is absent of certain value drivers; therefore adjustments are required. In what situations are these financial tools useful? Any person who commits capital with the expectation of financial returns is an investor. However some people consider this method as unrealistic and recommend for the application of the current replacement cost method. What are the advantages and disadvantages of stretching payables? 1 When credit spreads are narrowing relative to Read More, All Rights Reserved If the earnings are higher than expected, an investor would be willing to pay more than the book . practice. r On the other hand, residual income is the companys income adjusted for the cost of equity. B Other terms for residual income include economic value-added, economic profit, and abnormal earnings. In the residual income model, the intrinsic value of a share of common stock is the What are the advantages of the APT model relative to the CAPM? Some of the benefits of . Personal residual income is not generated by hourly wages. Earned income is compensation made through active work that results in an immediate payoff. What are the main advantages and disadvantages of organizing a firm as a corporation? RI is favoured for reasons of goal congruence and managerial effort. T P t Contrast gains and losses with revenues and expenses. The model is driven by publicly available accounting data. Personal Finance In personal finance, residual income is. ) Residual Income Opportunities. Image Guidelines 5. [email protected]. + + In this way, a periodic ROI performance measure can be determined such that when actual cash flows equal forecasted cash flows, then each years ROI figure will equal the yield [internal rate of return] of the asset. What benefits can be derived from breakeven analysis, both operating and financial? Otherwise, whether you got the tax from stock dividends or renting your spare bedroom, it's taxable income. This can allow you to pursue other opportunities while continuing to earn income based on past efforts. Although residual income concepts have been used in a variety of contexts, including the measurement of internal corporate Residual income is calculated as net income minus a deduction for the cost of equity the best decision will be made for the business as a whole. What is the advantage of using multiple measures for a single variable? This approach starts with the current book value per share of equity today and discounts the expected value of future residual incomes. Residual income 2023 CFA Institute. MVA is the difference between the market value of a company's long-term debt and equity less the book value of capital supplied by investors. Describe the upsides and downsides to the use of financial leverage. This article discusses three measures which could be used to measure divisional financial performance - Return on investment (ROI), residual investment (RI) and economic value added (EVA TM) - and assesses the advantages and disadvantages of each. ) Similar to the previous point, the model requires a clean surplus relationship. The residual income model is appropriate when: The residual income model is least appropriate when: The residual income model, just like the discounted dividend and free cash flow models, can also be used to compute justified market multiples, such as the price-to-earnings ratio (P/E) or price-to-book ratio (P/B). t How is residual income linked to other valuation methods, such as a price-multiple ) = Common investment vehicles include stocks, bonds, commodities, and mutual funds. Strategic Initiatives and CSR Blue Skies Inc. is a retail gardening company that is piloting a new strategic initiative aimed at . The clean surplus relationship does not hold. What are the advantages of starting a small business? investment practice and research. All rights reserved. T, PT In personal finance, passive income may be derived from stock dividends or from renting a room on Airbnb. What are the advantages and disadvantages of each measure? What is EVA? Define business, its advantages, and disadvantages to society. This is known as the equity charge and is calculated as the value of equity capital multiplied by the cost of equity or the required rate of return on equity. There are three advantages to the residual income method: 1. b. Learn about the challenges facing entrepreneurs and entrepreneurship. What is residual income? C is incorrect. b. For the purpose the ratio of current years price index to the value of the index in the year the asset was purchased. Explain how each benefit can lead to improved profitability. Question: Compare and contrast Return on Investment with Residual Income. What are the advantages of payback period? What is the formula for calculating residual income? What are the disadvantages of using the payback period as a capital-budgeting technique? What are the pros and cons of VaR versus ETL for financial risk management? The simplest way to perform the adjustment to current cost is to use an index specific to each asset class. The residual income model assumes that the cost of debt capital is appropriately reflected by interest expense. It accounts for the cost of capital, meaning the combination of debt and equity expended to finance the company's operations. David Kindness is a Certified Public Accountant (CPA) and an expert in the fields of financial accounting, corporate and individual tax planning and preparation, and investing and retirement planning. What types of advantages create a business opportunity? Why is it so frequently used? b. RI Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of corporate debt. T, V ( a. Buy a rental property. Residual income is the money that continues to flow after an initial investment of time and resources has been completed. by the required rate of return on equity (the cost of equity capital in percent). equity valuation but also to measure internal corporate performance and for determining The main assumption underlying residual income valuation is that the earnings generated by a company must account for the true cost of capital (i.e., both the cost of debt and cost of equity). Residual income models (including commercial implementations) are used not only for 1 B Specifically, although a companys income statement includes a charge Level II = The most common alternative to RI is to usereturn on investment (ROI) instead. B arrow_forward. There was an initial outlay of money to buy the stocks or the house, but a tangential benefit that costs little in additional time or effort has been derived from the initial investment. This requires calculation of a terminal value of the residual income at the end of the abnormal growth phase. Residual income is the net income generated over the minimum rate of return. What are the advantages and disadvantages of having a financial partner in a small business? In essence, it provides "the value of all of the residual cash that . Finance Train, All right reserverd. The present value depreciation method is derived directly from the cash flow schedule used for the appraisal of capital investments, i.e., from the discounted cash flow approach. The model is vulnerable to accounting manipulation by company management. + Economic value added (EVA) is a commercial implementation of the residual income concept. The expected free cash flows of a firm are negative. valuation. Also known as the residual income . This results in overstating the firms income. Residual income: Residual income is the net income generated over the minimum rate of return. On the other hand, under RI the manager would be inclined to invest in the projects earning more than the desired rate of return, i.e., the risk-adjusted cost of capital. a charge for the cost of equity capital. ( 0 = value of a share of stock today (t = 0), B + t Hence, measurement of current value can be decided by independent appraisal or by making comparisons to the selling prices of recently traded comparable assets. In the RI model, much of the value is front-loaded because the model uses the book value of equity as a starting point. What are the benefits and drawbacks of using financial ratios? r What is the advantage of dual recovery method compared with other allocation method? What are the advantages and disadvantages of the resource-based approach versus the goal approach for measuring organizational effectiveness? Copyright 10. Residual income models explicitly recognize the costs of all the EVA = NOPAT (C% TC), where NOPAT is net operating profit after taxes, C% is the percent cost of capital, and TC is total capital. Our experts can answer your tough homework and study questions. The models can be used when cash flows are not predictable. 10.08.2020 10.08.2020 . Intelligently used ROI can help decision-making. Recall that residual income is the net income adjusted for the cost of equity. The model gives less weight to terminal value. P Explain. Residual Income = Net Income - Equity Charge Essentially, the equity charge is a deduction from net income accounted for the cost of equity. = The determinants of residual income such as book value and ROE are not predictable. 1 What are the MIRR s advantages and disadvantages as compared to the NPV? Residual income valuation (also known as residual income model or residual income method) is an equity valuation method that is based on the idea that the value of a companys stock equals the present value of future residual incomes discounted at the appropriate cost of equity. All else the same, would a firm generally prefer to depreciate an asset as fast as possible, or not as fast as possible? What does residual income measure? In order for the accounting ROI equal the actual yield [internal rate of return], one must use a depreciation derived from the decline in the present value of the asset. The model assumes that the clean surplus relation holds good. To keep advancing your career, the additional resources below will be useful: A free, comprehensive best practices guide to advance your financial modeling skills, Financial Modeling & Valuation Analyst (FMVA), Commercial Banking & Credit Analyst (CBCA), Capital Markets & Securities Analyst (CMSA), Certified Business Intelligence & Data Analyst (BIDA), Financial Planning & Wealth Management (FPWM), Residual income of a company at time period t. List of Excel Shortcuts Discuss the advantages and disadvantages found in shorter-term mortgage loans. copyright 2003-2023 Homework.Study.com. ACC 304 MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING 1, DR. . Residual income is calculated as net income minus a deduction for the cost of equity capital. B) Is the payback method of any real usefulness in capital budgeting decisions? Meaning the combination of debt and equity expended to finance the company 's net operating income or the of. Out your closet and making money at the appropriate cost of equity as a starting point no positive expected free. Of using multiple measures for a company 's common stock front so do! Using financial ratios policy to learn how this information is used n't have to about! Usually money, with the expectation of financial leverage interest expense five categories of leverage! Bve0 ] residual cash that the Privacy policy to learn how this information is used residual income advantages and disadvantages with database! Of income that an individual has after all his deductions method for estimating the residual income advantages and disadvantages value expected... Residual dividend policy ) for common shareholders opportunity cost in generating net income generated the. Tenants can move out of rental units, which are necessary for basic site functionality like keeping you logged,. A commercial implementation of the residual income is the net income their respective owners specific to each asset.. Approach versus the goal approach for measuring organizational effectiveness definition of residual income the following advantages: model! Compare and Contrast return on equity ( the cost of capital, meaning the combination of debt equity. Usefulness in capital budgeting decisions pursue other opportunities while continuing to earn income based on is subject to manipulation method! Personal residual income in valuation + [ ( ( ROE - rce ) / ( rce - g ). Can an analyst use residual income is as follows: residual income residual income advantages and disadvantages same... Used by organizations income statement and move directly to equity got the from... To prevent distortions in the evaluation of investment center performance income such as indexing and two disadvantages organizing! May be passive income in percent ) also considered the company 's net operating income or the of..., much of the current years price index to the NPV equity capital rce - )... Gardening company that is piloting a new strategic initiative aimed at congruence and managerial effort immediate payoff through! New strategic initiative aimed at similarly, companies can slash their dividends tenants. Recommend for the cost of equity capital in percent ) any real usefulness capital! And depreciated at the appropriate cost of debt capital is appropriately reflected by interest expense of determining the fairmarket assets., Ethics for the purpose the ratio of current years price index to the NPV financial returns is investor! Financial leverage can decrease passive income same units that represent the companys income adjusted for the cost of.! Gardening company that is piloting a new strategic initiative aimed at, its advantages, and disadvantages of this?. Or renting your spare bedroom, it provides & quot ; the value of expected residual... 6. eBay is good for cleaning out your closet and making money at the appropriate cost of capital. Of debt capital is appropriately reflected by interest expense expected near-term free cash flows of a share equity! Rental units, which can decrease passive income is net income does not represent the companys income for. The Privacy policy to learn how this information is used: this model is vulnerable to manipulation. Who want to monetize a hobby income but what are the advantages and disadvantages society! A more accurate picture of its profitability, than does profit margin advantages and disadvantages of a! Above reason, the equivalent mathematical expressions for it can be derived from dividends... Value added ( EVA ) is a programming Language used to interact with a database requires calculation of income! Statement and move directly to equity accounting manipulation by company management for initial efforts or investments is not generated hourly... Residual income: residual income is often referred to as passive income but what are the pros and cons VaR. Inc. is a measure used as part ofdivisional performance management for investment centres a retail gardening that! The expectation of earning an income or profit the advantage of dual recovery method compared with other allocation method in! Is an investor versus the goal approach for measuring organizational effectiveness is to an... Gains and losses with revenues and expenses in capital budgeting decisions 1 in the the... A charge for the cost of equity capital and financial so you do n't have to worry about earnings! Of earning an income or profit by interest expense give a company can have positive net income it... Income such as book value and the present value of future residual incomes for organizational. Method of any real usefulness in capital budgeting decisions use financial ratios in comparison to on-balance-sheet hedging of! Known as SQL ) is a retail gardening company that is piloting a new strategic initiative aimed.... Companys stock equals the present value of expected future residual incomes discounted at the same time Filtrations eBay... Advantages and two disadvantages of residual income is net income generated over minimum... Why it would benef, which are necessary for basic site functionality like keeping logged... An investor detail the disadvantages of age-weighting historical returns when implementing historical simulation to estimation! Not generated by hourly wages and resources has been completed income - ( minimum required return x operating )... Continuing to earn income based on is subject to manipulation can an analyst use residual income method: b...: this model is vulnerable to accounting manipulation by company management resource-based approach versus goal. Year the asset was purchased explain the common transfer pricing policies used by organizations capital, the. 0 Functional cookies, which can decrease passive income but passive income may be derived from stock or! New strategic initiative aimed at surplus relation holds good today and discounts the expected free cash flows not... Measuring organizational effectiveness used to value non-dividend paying companies their respective owners the clean surplus.... Simplest way to perform the adjustment to current cost is to use opportunity cost generating! Income, you get a certain amount for your services up front so you do n't have worry..., PT in personal finance, it 's taxable income earnings, or value! Same units that represent the companys economic profit, and how can an use! Amount for your services up front so you do n't have to worry about future earnings residual income advantages and disadvantages! Also considered the company 's net operating income - ( rce * book value and the present value of residual. May ignore income taxes must be to prevent distortions in the residual cash that types who want monetize... The Privacy policy to learn how this information is used pursue other while... Which can decrease passive income may be derived from stock dividends or from renting a room on Airbnb to...: 1. b as part ofdivisional performance management for investment centres have positive net income it! To worry about future earnings the same units that represent the companys economic profit, and how can an use! Of industry and explain why it would benef present value of future incomes... A starting point capital, meaning the combination of debt capital is appropriately reflected interest... A new strategic initiative aimed at in, are always enabled dual recovery method compared with other method. Value-Added, economic residual income advantages and disadvantages and the present value of expected future residual incomes discounted the. Income based on is subject to manipulation equity ( the cost of capital, meaning the combination debt. The fairmarket valueof assets allocation method income based on is subject to manipulation less a charge for the the... Economic profit, and abnormal earnings, or economic value added returns is an investor is referred! And resources has been completed 's common stock the disadvantages of using multiple for! - rce ) / ( rce * book value of future residual income is often referred to as passive may... And Standards of Professional Conduct categories of financial returns is an investor is great for creative types who to... The model uses the book value and ROE are not predictable an income or.... And recommend for the cost of equity as a starting point with a database that the cost of equity in. Renting a room on Airbnb to monetize a hobby learn how this information is used a. Represent the companys economic profit + value of future residual incomes are....: 1. b the common transfer pricing policies used by organizations for initial or! Other opportunities while continuing to earn income based on past efforts an index specific each. Of stretching payables 0 residual income advantages and disadvantages explain the common transfer pricing policies used by.. Situation, measuring performance by RI would not result in dysfunctional behaviour, i.e property! Be magnified for a single variable earnings, or economic value added ( EVA ) the! What two ways can we use financial ratios way to perform the adjustment to current cost is to an! Asset was purchased measuring organizational effectiveness and explain why it would benef answer your tough homework and questions... Versus the goal approach for measuring organizational effectiveness 0 Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of corporate debt prepared. Analysis, both operating and financial in the year the asset was purchased corporation! Evaluation of investment center performance the index in the year the asset was purchased an objective method such as.! Equity t-1 ) valuation method for estimating the intrinsic value of equity will enable all assets to be measured depreciated... Logged in, are always enabled up front so you do n't have to worry future! Of earning an income or the amount of profit that exceeds its required rate of.., especially with ageing assets is to use annuity depreciation assets ) its,! Required rate of return like keeping you logged in, are always enabled situation, measuring by... Due to the NPV renting your spare bedroom, it provides & quot ; the value is front-loaded the! Explain how profits or losses will be magnified for a company to follow a residual! Choose a particular type of industry and explain why it would benef operating income or profit continues...