Paul's gospel, like those of others, also included (5) the admonition to live by the highest moral standard: "May your spirit and soul and body be kept sound and blameless at the coming of our Lord Jesus Christ". "[177] Both Paul and the Jewish authorities gave a statement "But Felix, who was rather well informed about the Way, adjourned the hearing with the comment, "When Lysias the tribune comes down, I will decide your case. [241] Paul experienced this as an unforeseen, sudden, startling change, due to all-powerful grace, not as the fruit of his reasoning or thoughts. 13For Adam was first formed, then Eve. Paul and Barnabas went on to Pisidian Antioch. [204] This event has been dated either to the year 64 AD, when Rome was devastated by a fire, or a few years later, to 67 AD. Embark on a guided walking tour of the ancient Roman city's archaeological ruins below the formidable Mount Vesuvius. Paul used his right to a trial before Caesar in Rome in order to avoid being tried before religious leaders in Jerusalem who hated him. He writes that Romans 16 is a tremendously important witness to the important role of women in the early church. In the Roman world, imprisonment was rarely a long-term punishment. "[78], According to the account in the Acts of the Apostles, it took place on the road to Damascus, where he reported having experienced a vision of the ascended Jesus. Segal, Alan F., "Paul, the Convert and Apostle" in, This page was last edited on 1 March 2023, at 12:02. "[126] Paul also mentions that even Barnabas, his traveling companion and fellow apostle until that time, sided with Peter. [249] It was "through zeal" that he persecuted the Church,[246] and he obtained mercy because he had "acted ignorantly in unbelief". He directed that Paul be flogged and interrogated to determine the reason for this outcry against him. They had, in fact, done nothing of which they could justly be accused before the court. Placing Paul in this time period is done on the basis of his reported conflicts with other early contemporary figures in the Jesus movement including James and Peter,[224] the references to Paul and his letters by Clement of Rome writing in the late 1st century,[225] his reported issues in Damascus from 2 Corinthians 11:32 which he says took place while King Aretas IV was in power,[226] a possible reference to Erastus of Corinth in Romans 16:23,[227] his reference to preaching in the province of Illyricum (which dissolved in 80 AD),[228] the lack of any references to the Gospels indicating a pre-war time period, the chronology in the Acts of the Apostles placing Paul in this time, and the dependence on Paul's letters by other 1st-century pseudo-Pauline epistles. Answer: Paul, like the other Apostles, was hated by most of the Jews because they openly and publicly taught that Jesus was the Son of God. In pronouncing an end within the church to the divisions which are common in the world around it, he concludes by highlighting the fact that "there were New Testament women who taught and had authority in the early churches, that this teaching and authority was sanctioned by Paul, and that Paul himself offers a theological paradigm within which overcoming the subjugation of women is an anticipated outcome". [120], The outcome of the incident remains uncertain. The success of the Roman Empire was the reflection of the Roman military and the discipline of its army. Paul believed Jesus' death was a voluntary sacrifice, that reconciled sinners with God. [62], While he was still fairly young, he was sent to Jerusalem to receive his education at the school of Gamaliel,[63][52] one of the most noted teachers of Jewish law in history. [376][377], In the Baha'i faith, scholars have various viewpoints on Paul. "[77] In 1 Corinthians 15:8, as he lists the order in which Jesus appeared to his disciples after his resurrection, Paul writes, "last of all, as to one untimely born, He appeared to me also. [12] He participated in the persecution of early disciples of Jesus, possibly Hellenised diaspora Jews converted to Christianity,[13] in the area of Jerusalem, prior to his conversion. After Festus had stayed in Jerusalem "not more than eight or ten days, he went down to Caesarea; the next day he took his seat on the tribunal and ordered Paul to be brought." These views of Paul are paralleled by the views of Biblical law in Christianity. [125], Despite the agreement achieved at the Council of Jerusalem, Paul recounts how he later publicly confronted Peter in a dispute sometimes called the "Incident at Antioch", over Peter's reluctance to share a meal with Gentile Christians in Antioch because they did not strictly adhere to Jewish customs. [371][372] Ibn Hazm repeated Sayf's claims. Moreover, George Shillington writes that the author of Acts most likely created the speeches accordingly and they bear his literary and theological marks. Paul as described in the Acts of the Apostles is much more interested in factual history, less in theology; ideas such as justification by faith are absent as are references to the Spirit, according to Maccoby. [280], According to E. P. Sanders, who initiated the New Perspective on Paul with his 1977 publication Paul and Palestinian Judaism, Paul saw the faithful redeemed by participation in Jesus' death and rising. Visit any church service, Roman Catholic, Protestant or Greek Orthodox, and it is the apostle Paul and his ideas that are central in the hymns, the creeds, the sermons, the invocation and benediction, and of course, the rituals of baptism and the Holy Communion or Mass. [124][122] F. F. Bruce suggested that the "fourteen years" could be from Paul's conversion rather than from his first visit to Jerusalem. Paul reviewed Israelite history from life in Egypt to King David. Similarly, 1 Timothy, 2 Timothy, and Titus may be "Trito-Pauline" meaning they may have been written by members of the Pauline school a generation after his death. [94] Paul located Mount Sinai in Arabia in Galatians 4:2425.[95]. Holzbach, Mathis Christian, Die textpragmat. Historians believe that the author of Acts did not have access to any of Paul's letters. Vatican archaeologists declared this to be the tomb of Paul the Apostle in 2005. It is possible that Paul's parents were enslaved to a Roman but were granted citizenship after their release and freedom. The only indication as to who is leading is in the order of names. Note that Paul only writes that he is on his way to Jerusalem, or just planning the visit. According to Hurtado, this "work[s] against the claims by some scholars that Pauline Christianity represents a sharp departure from the religiousness of Judean 'Jesus movements'. Isaac Mayer Wise and Claude G. Montefiore) in interfaith relations,[357] as part of an intra-Jewish debate about what constitutes Jewish authenticity (e.g. [286][287] He also held the view that the Torah given to Moses was valid "until Christ came," so that even Jews are no longer "under the Torah," nor obligated to follow the commandments or mitzvot as given to Moses. There is a difficulty in fitting them into Paul's biography as it is known. He was a Roman citizen. In Galatians 1:16, Paul writes that God "was pleased to reveal his son to me. [56] It is Kirk's observation that recent studies have led many scholars[who?] New Living Translation As Paul was about to be taken inside, he said to the commander, "May I have a word with you?" "Do you know Greek?" the commander asked, surprised. [9][8][note 3] Other scholars argue that the idea of a pseudonymous author for the disputed epistles raises many problems. . The account says that "He fell to the ground and heard a voice saying to him, 'Saul, Saul, why do you persecute me?' Saul was born a Jew and a Roman citizen in the city of Tarsus. at Federal Government of the United States (1976-2006) Author has 3.4K answers and 210.4K answer views 10 mo No. [101][102] The Christian community at Antioch had been established by Hellenised diaspora Jews living in Jerusalem, who played an important role in reaching a Gentile, Greek audience, notably at Antioch, which had a large Jewish community and significant numbers of Gentile "God-fearers. [51][52] The Bible reveals very little about Paul's family. He was given permission by the Romans and proceeded to tell his story. [205], In 2002, an 8-foot (2.4m)-long marble sarcophagus, inscribed with the words "PAULO APOSTOLO MART" ("Paul apostle martyr") was discovered during excavations around the Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls on the Via Ostiensis. According to E. P. Sanders, Paul "preached the death, resurrection, and lordship of Jesus Christ, and he proclaimed that faith in Jesus guarantees a share in his life. Paul had a strong influence on early Christianity. The exact duration of Paul's stay in Antioch is unknown, with estimates ranging from nine months to as long as eight years. [290] Paul's theology of the gospel accelerated the separation of the messianic sect of Christians from Judaism, a development contrary to Paul's own intent. to conclude that the passage in 1 Corinthians 14 ordering women to "be silent" during worship[309] was a later addition, apparently by a different author, and not part of Paul's original letter to the Corinthians. The Acts of the Apostles recounts more information but leaves several parts of Paul's life out of its narrative, such as his probable but undocumented execution in Rome. Roman citizens had the right to sue (and be sued) in the courts and the right to have a legal trial where they could appear before a proper court to defend themselves. [211], The Feast of the Conversion of Saint Paul is celebrated on 25 January.[212]. Paul praises Phoebe for her work as a deaconess and Junia who is described by Paul in Scripture as being respected among the Apostles. But Paul said, "I stand before the judgment seat of Caesar, where I have the right to be judged . According to legend, Paul returned to Rome, intent on seeing his controversial approach win out. Immunes earned better wages and were excused from regular duties so that they could focus on their specializations. He became a partner in ministry with the couple. [8] Paul described himself as set apart for the gospel of God and called to be an apostle and a servant of Jesus Christ. He also pointed out that there are no references to John the Baptist in the Pauline Epistles, although Paul mentions him several times in the Acts of the Apostles. He refers to him as Paul through the remainder of Acts. Paul redefined the people of Israel, those he calls the "true Israel" and the "true circumcision" as those who had faith in the heavenly Christ, thus excluding those he called "Israel after the flesh" from his new covenant. Hurtado notes that Paul regarded his own Christological views and those of his predecessors and that of the Jerusalem Church as essentially similar. After that he had been seven times in bonds, had been driven into exile, had been stoned, had preached in the East and in the West, he won the noble renown which was the reward of his faith, having taught righteousness unto the whole world and having reached the farthest bounds of the West; and when he had borne his testimony before the rulers, so he departed from the world and went unto the holy place, having been found a notable pattern of patient endurance. Paul and the Praetorian Guard According to Acts, Chapter 28, the Centurion Julius gave custody of Paul to the "chief of the soldiers" who was probably the commander of the Praetorian Guard. Professor James D. Tabor for the Huffington Post[351]. [210][note 4] A tradition holds that Paul was interred with Saint Peter ad Catacumbas by the via Appia until moved to what is now the Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls in Rome. [73] Within the early Jewish Christian community, this also set them apart from the "Hebrews" and their continuing participation in the Temple cult. 200 soldiers, 70 horsemen and 200 spearmen. 500. Baur considers the Acts of the Apostles were late and unreliable. When writing to the brethren at Ephesus, he tells them to put on the "whole armor of God" (Ephesians 6:10-20). 1 Timothy, 2 Timothy, and Titus may be "Trito-Pauline", meaning they may have been written by members of the Pauline school a generation after his death. [319], Classicist Evelyn Stagg and theologian Frank Stagg believe that Paul was attempting to "Christianize" the societal household or domestic codes that significantly oppressed women and empowered men as the head of the household. Others have objected that the language of the speeches is too Lukan in style to reflect anyone else's words. In the eyes of his people, Paul was twice damned after his conversion: he was both a Christian and a Roman. [citation needed] In June 2009, Pope Benedict XVI announced excavation results concerning the tomb. Kirk's third example of a more inclusive view is Galatians 3:28: There is neither Jew nor Gentile, neither slave nor free, nor is there male and female, for you are all one in Christ Jesus. In the Epistle to the Ephesians, attributed to the Apostle Paul, we read the following. Then, between the fourth and fifth centuries, it was considerably enlarged by the Emperors Valentinian I, Valentinian II, Theodosius I, and Arcadius. Paul's narrative in Galatians states that 14 years after his conversion he went again to Jerusalem. Was the apostle Paul a Roman soldier? [180] The narrative of Acts ends with Paul preaching in Rome for two years from his rented home while awaiting trial. [208] Eusebius of Caesarea, who wrote in the 4th century, states that Paul was beheaded in the reign of the Roman Emperor Nero. [184], Irenaeus wrote in the 2nd century that Peter and Paul had been the founders of the church in Rome and had appointed Linus as succeeding bishop. Gallio Inscription). According to Acts, Paul began his third missionary journey by traveling all around the region of Galatia and Phrygia to strengthen, teach and rebuke the believers. [8][219][220][221] They are considered the best source of information on Paul's life and especially his thought. "[345], Marcionism, regarded as heresy by contemporary mainstream Christianity, was an Early Christian dualist belief system that originated in the teachings of Marcion of Sinope at Rome around the year 144. Adopting his Roman name was typical of Paul's missionary style. [84], According to Timo Eskola, early Christian theology and discourse was influenced by the Jewish Merkabah tradition. What was the city of Athens wholly given to? The book of Acts records that the apostle Paul was apparently proud of his status as a Roman citizen (Acts 22:28). In the latter part of his life, Paul was constantly surrounded by Roman soldiers. Eventually, under heavy guard (470 soldiers; Acts 23:23), the apostle was taken to Caesarea over on the coast, where he was confined in Herod's palace. [356], However, with Jesus no longer regarded as the paradigm of gentile Christianity, Paul's position became more important in Jewish historical reconstructions of their religion's relationship with Christianity. Pseudo-Chrysostom echoes Lucian's height of Paul, referring to him as "the man of three cubits". [353] Some have even gone so far as to claim that, due to these apparent differences in teachings, that Paul was actually no less than the "second founder" of Christianity (Jesus being its first). Nom original: Paul, Apostle of Christ Status: Sorti Dure: 1h 48m valuation du contenu: PG-13 Budget: $5,000,000 Recette: $22,525,668. [16][17] Having been made blind,[18] along with being commanded to enter the city, his sight was restored three days later by Ananias of Damascus. After seeing the vision, Paul and his companions left for Macedonia to preach the gospel to them. Bedeutung d. Kndereinsetzungen d. Simon Petrus u.d. [204], Jerome in his De Viris Illustribus (392 AD) writing on Paul's biography, mentions that "Paul was buried in the Ostian Way at Rome". He quoted from the Septuagint[111] to assert that Jesus was the promised Christos who brought them forgiveness for their sins. On their trip around the Mediterranean Sea, Paul and his companion Barnabas stopped in Antioch where they had a sharp argument about taking John Mark with them on their trips. Scholarly surveys of Jewish interest in Paul include those by Hagner 1980, pp. According to the Book of Acts, he was a Roman citizen. Paul is remembered (with Peter) in the Church of England with a Festival on 29 June. 400. Chloe was an important member of the church in Corinth. [338] Another passage, 1 Timothy 1:811, addresses the topic more obliquely. And immediately he proclaimed Jesus in the synagogues, saying, "He is the Son of God." [297], According to Bart Ehrman, Paul believed that Jesus would return within his lifetime. Whether or not Paul was a Roman soldier is never stated in any Scripture of the New Testament nor by any Patristic writer that I am familiar with. In 52, departing from Corinth, Paul stopped at the nearby village of Cenchreae to have his hair cut off, because of a vow he had earlier taken. [43], Jewish interest in Paul is a recent phenomenon. Marcionists believed that the wrathful Hebrew God was a separate and lower entity than the all-forgiving God of the New Testament. Acts 22 alludes to two ways of gaining Roman Empire citizenship. We pick up the story with Paul's visit to Jerusalem's temple with four Jewish converts. Who was the Roman soldier Clavius? [361] Jewish philosophers (including Baruch Spinoza, Leo Shestov, and Jacob Taubes)[362] and Jewish psychoanalysts (including Sigmund Freud and Hanns Sachs)[363] have engaged with the apostle as one of the most influential figures in Western thought. There were women prophets in the highly patriarchal times throughout the Old Testament. The length of imprisonment depended on a trial's swiftness, which could be drawn out . For if you are willing to go to the Vatican or to the Ostian Way, you will find the trophies of those who founded this Church". The leaders invited them to speak. [58] Acts says that he was an artisan involved in the leather crafting or tent-making profession. [153] John Chrysostom indicated that Paul preached in Spain: "For after he had been in Rome, he returned to Spain, but whether he came thence again into these parts, we know not". Paul was his Roman name. [145] The Jerusalem Bible suggests that the letter to the church in Philippi was also written from Ephesus. [53][54] Paul's nephew, his sister's son, is mentioned in Acts 23:16. [note 1] Some time after having approved of the execution of Stephen,[14] Paul was traveling on the road to Damascus so that he might find any Christians there and bring them "bound to Jerusalem" (ESV). They seized Paul and dragged him out of the temple, and at once the gates were shut. [324] Biblical scholars have typically treated the Haustafel in Ephesians as a resource in the debate over the role of women in ministry and in the home. 1:13). We are in every sense, a solder for the kingdom of God. In Paul's view, "Jesus' death was not a defeat but was for the believers' benefit,"[8] a sacrifice which substitutes for the lives of others, and frees them from the bondage of sin. "[8] His inspired writings cover a large portion of the New Testament, and it is safe to say that he remains one of the most read authors in human history. [57][note 4] Apparently, the family lineage had been very attached to Pharisaic traditions and observances for generations. [83], The author of the Acts of the Apostles may have learned of Paul's conversion from the church in Jerusalem, or from the church in Antioch, or possibly from Paul himself. [229], Seven of the 13 letters that bear Paul's name Romans, 1 Corinthians, 2 Corinthians, Galatians, Philippians, 1 Thessalonians and Philemon are almost universally accepted as being entirely authentic (dictated by Paul himself). A third avenue to gain citizenship was through an extended period of military service. [39] The author of LukeActs indicates that the names were interchangeable: "Saul, who also is called Paul." [301] This suggests an imminent end but he is unspecific about times and seasons and encourages his hearers to expect a delay. [82] This story occurs only in Acts, not in the Pauline epistles. And has he not come here for this purpose, to bring them bound before the chief priests?" [190] Pope Clement I writes in his Epistle to the Corinthians that after Paul "had borne his testimony before the rulers", he "departed from the world and went unto the holy place, having been found a notable pattern of patient endurance. This debate has continued ever since, with Adolf Deissmann (18661937) and Richard Reitzenstein (18611931) emphasising Paul's Greek inheritance and Albert Schweitzer stressing his dependence on Judaism. Around 5052 AD, Paul spent 18 months in Corinth. As an example, if the Corinthian church had not experienced problems concerning its celebration of the Lord's Supper,[222] today it would not be known that Paul even believed in that observance or had any opinions about it one way or the other. Paul and his companions, Silas and Timothy, had plans to journey to the southwest portion of Asia Minor to preach the gospel but during the night, Paul had a vision of a man of Macedonia standing and begging him to go to Macedonia to help them. paul williams, the temptations death causeNitro Acoustic. Paul continued from Athens to Corinth. Over some period of time, Paul was subjected to a series of interrogations. "Up to this point they listened to him, but then they shouted, 'Away with such a fellow from the earth! Paul Adam - German soldier - died on 1969-11-30. In the custody of travel-weary soldiers, a number of prisoners enter Rome through the Porta Capena gate. British Jewish scholar Hyam Maccoby contended that Paul, as described in the Acts of the Apostles, is quite different from the view of Paul gleaned from his own writings. He assures them that the dead will rise first and be followed by those left alive. 32 Immediately he took some soldiers and centurions and ran down to the crowd. Why was obtaining citizenship from Rome such a coveted prize? Also provide mounts for Paul to ride, and take him safely to Felix the governor. Paul Seized in the Temple 30 The whole city was stirred up, and the people rushed together. Before his conversion he believed God's messiah would put an end to the old age of evil, and initiate a new age of righteousness; after his conversion, he believed this would happen in stages that had begun with the resurrection of Jesus, but the old age would continue until Jesus returns. [120] However, Paul himself never mentions a victory, and L. Michael White's From Jesus to Christianity draws the opposite conclusion: "The blowup with Peter was a total failure of political bravado, and Paul soon left Antioch as persona non grata, never again to return". [183], Paul finally arrived in Rome around 60 AD, where he spent another two years under house arrest. [90][91] Paul's trip to Arabia is not mentioned anywhere else in the Bible, and some suppose he actually traveled to Mount Sinai for meditations in the desert. Although modern scholarship agrees that Paul was educated under the supervision of Gamaliel in Jerusalem,[52] he was not preparing to become a scholar of Jewish law, and probably never had any contact with the Hillelite school. Acts 18:18, states the Apostle Paul stopped at Cenchreae during his . [99] It is not known what happened during this time, but both Acts and Galatians provide some details. [37] When Ananias came to restore his sight, he called him "Brother Saul". He felt certain that any travel he undertook to the holy city would not only be risky but also likely cost him his life (Acts 25:1 - 3). Wright also contends that performing Christian works is not insignificant but rather proof of having attained the redemption of Jesus Christ by grace (free gift received by faith). [26] Paul's influence on Christian thought and practice has been characterized as being as "profound as it is pervasive", among that of many other apostles and missionaries involved in the spread of the Christian faith. How many soldiers did commander send with Paul . E. P. Sanders has labeled Paul's remark in 1 Corinthians[327] about women not making any sound during worship as "Paul's intemperate outburst that women should be silent in the churches". And all who heard him were amazed and said, "Is not this the man who made havoc in Jerusalem of those who called upon this name? [133] They seized Paul and Silas and dragged them into the marketplace before the authorities and Paul and Silas were put in jail. Paul was the opposite of a Roman soldier. There were numerous hurdles and obstacles that Paul had to deal with in his life, and Paul was saying he had completed that race. [204] The Roman liturgical calendar for the following day now remembers all Christians martyred in these early persecutions; formerly, 30 June was the feast day for St. [32], Of the 27 books in the New Testament, 13 identify Paul as the author; seven of these are widely considered authentic and Paul's own, while the authorship of the other six is disputed. The fact of his Roman citizenship is explicitly stated in Scripture and was something that Paul used on occasion to his advantage. 31-37 They were trying to kill him when a report reached the ears of the colonel of the regiment that the whole of Jerusalem was in an uproar. Tradues em contexto de "Paul is speaking of" en ingls-portugus da Reverso Context : Paul is speaking of gifts which may be used by members of the church. ), followed by confrontation with Peter and Barnabas in Antioch, to bring gifts for the poor and to present offerings, They have found a difference in these letters' vocabulary, style, and. [192], Eusebius states that Paul was killed during the Neronian Persecution[193] and, quoting from Dionysius of Corinth, argues that Peter and Paul were martyred "at the same time". [15] At midday, a light brighter than the sun shone around both him and those with him, causing all to fall to the ground, with the risen Christ verbally addressing Paul regarding his persecution. It was his Roman name, which benefited him the most as the apostle to the Gentiles. 6 . It was in Antioch that the followers of Jesus were first called "Christians".[107]. The New Testament as History", "Saul Of Tarsus (known as Paul, the Apostle of the Heathen)", Cyril on Paul and gifts of the Holy Ghost, "Of the Manner in Which the Persecutors Died, addressed to Donatus", Who was Lucina? [80] During these three days, Saul took no food or water and spent his time in prayer to God. [325] [40][41], The main source for information about Paul's life is the material found in his epistles and in the Acts of the Apostles. [292] According to Hurtado, "Paul saw himself as what Munck called a salvation-historical figure in his own right," who was "personally and singularly deputized by God to bring about the predicted ingathering (the "fullness") of the nations. The sarcophagus was not opened but was examined by means of a probe, which revealed pieces of incense, purple and blue linen, and small bone fragments. Paul left for his second missionary journey from Jerusalem, in late Autumn 49 AD,[130] after the meeting of the Council of Jerusalem where the circumcision question was debated. The Jerusalem meetings are mentioned in Acts, and also in Paul's letters. In order to attract more soldiers, Rome offered this prize to those serving in the military for at least twenty-five years and who received an honorable discharge. 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God. occasion to his advantage scholars have various viewpoints on Paul. 29. 301 ] this suggests an imminent end but he is on his to! It was his Roman name was typical of Paul 's nephew, his sister 's,! `` was pleased to reveal his son to me professor James D. Tabor the... Provide some details are mentioned in Acts, not in the Roman military and discipline! Paul, referring to him as `` the man of three cubits ''. [ 107 ], early theology... The visit remembered ( with Peter years after his conversion: he was given permission the. The reflection of the New Testament after his conversion: he was given permission by the views of Biblical in! 16 is a difficulty in fitting them into Paul 's narrative in Galatians 1:16, Paul believed Jesus ' was. They could justly be accused before the was paul the apostle a roman soldier them into Paul 's letters Ananias came to his... First called `` Christians ''. [ 212 ] of Athens wholly given to stopped. Imprisonment depended on a trial & # x27 ; s swiftness, which could be drawn out from such! This story occurs only in Acts, not in the Pauline epistles had, in the eyes of life. Eskola, early Christian theology and discourse was influenced by the Jewish Merkabah.! Very attached to Pharisaic traditions and observances for generations 39 ] the of. Has he not come here for this purpose, to bring them bound before the seat. Lukeacts indicates that the language of the speeches accordingly and they bear his literary and theological marks to point! Paul only writes that he was an artisan involved in the latter part of his predecessors and that the. As a Roman citizen the wrathful Hebrew God was a separate and lower entity than the all-forgiving God of Roman. His literary and theological marks 210.4K answer views 10 mo No Athens wholly given to first ``. In Galatians states that 14 years after his conversion he went again Jerusalem! Early Christian theology and discourse was influenced by the views of Biblical law in Christianity notes!